Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings

2.6 Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings

Antonomasia. Antonomasia is lexical stylistic device in which a proper name is used instead of a common noun or vice versa. This SD is based on the immediate interplay between logical and nominal meanings of a word which is realized in the text. The realization of only one meaning does not give a SD. Here are some illustrations of antonomasia widely used in emotive prose and drama:

Mclash, one who strikes violently (compare with the verb to lash). Mr. McFaul (compare with the verb to fail, Mr. Pinch wife, one who hurts his wife by pinching; Mr. Sparkish, a dandy, a man who pays too much care to his clothes and personal appearance. Sir Fidget, a person who moves about restlessly, shows of impatience. The same refers to Mcfission. This kind of names exists in the Uzbek language also: To`lqin-primary meaning is qattiq chayqalib turgan suv betidagi ko`rtana. Second meaning is his-tuyg`u, ichki kechinma, jo`shqin xarakat va jamiatdagi, xayotdagikuchli xarakat; Erkin

1) Xar qanday to`siq, g`ov, monelikdan xoli bo`lgan bemalol;

2) Siyosiy, iqtisodiy xuquqiy mustaqillikka ega bo`lgan, ozod, xur. Oydin 1) oy chiqib, xamma yoq oy nuri bilan yorigan, oydinli (oydin kecha)

2) aniq, ko`rinib, bilinib turgan, ravshan.

Sometimes in the English language capital letters are the only marks maks of the use of antonomasia and the implication which such antonomasia carries in the text. Eg. Lord Nobody, Dr. Good fell. Traditionally proper name are built according to certain morphological patterns: noun+suffixes; -son, er, ard. Eg. Jon son, Morison, Chaster, Herbert, Howard, Bernard.

Antonomasia stands close to epithets. This closeness is traced in nature, not in form. From the semantic point of view the authors stress the prominent features of a person and stick these features to his name: Miss Sharp, Mr. Backbite, Miss. Murdstone. Mr. Choakumchild (one who can stop the breath of a child) Aka-uka baliqchilar tolmas va qo`rqmas qaytmasovlar.

Antonomasia is associated with other SDs. For example, it is often used together with epithets. Speaking about epithets we have underlined that it denotes certain qualities of a person. Many Nicknames of historical or public characters are based on the use of such characterization. Eg. The Iron Duke (the first Duke of Wellington). Old Hickory (Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the USA), the Iron Lady (M. Thacher, the former prime Minister of Great Britain. Here are Uzbek examples. Qovoq Devona, Atala Maxsum (Bo`shashgan, lalaygan, lanj odam xaqida).

Another type of antonomasia is metonymic antonomasia which is based on the relation of contiguity. A product can be named after the inventor, manufacturer or after the place where it is produced: Channel, Nina Ricci (French scent), Bordeaux (white or red wine from the Bordeaux region of France). The name of a painter, writer, and sculptor can be used to denote his work: “A Titian-haired girl”, the reference is made to the paintings of the world’s greatest Italian painter Titian, women in his pictures are generally red-haired. Wall street, the chief financial center of the USA, the white House, the US President’s residence and office; the Pentagon, the building where US Army head quarters are placed; Downing street, street in London with official residences of the Prime Minister, the Government. Here are Uzbek examples.

Tonnalab paxta terib

Tursunay bo`lay deyman.

Yosh oybeklar, zamonamiz farxodlari, don kixotlar. Shunisi muximki, endi bu zo`larning ba`zilari kichik xarf bilan yoziladi. Umumiy tushunchani ifodalovchi avvaldan mavjud bo`lgan va qo`llanib keladigan tilningbu xususiati antonomasiaga xosdir.

We distinguish metaphoric antonomasia which is usually considered to be a cliché. Eg. What will Mrs. Grundy say, what is conventional; He is a regular Sherlock Holms, may be said about an observant person; Romeo and Juliet, yong people who love each other.

Here Uzbek examples. Sherlok Xolmsning o`zginasi sinkov kishi xaqida; Jiblajibon-mayda qadam tashlab, noz-qarashma qilib yuradigan nozik, xipcha ayol;

Oradan ych-to`rt kun o`tdi. Abdulla xech kim kutmagan gapni topib keldi. –Yangilikdan xabaring bormi, olqindi?-so`radi u omontoydan, -xali jiblojibon boru, ja-a, amali kattami deyman-da?

Stylistic Devices of Descriptive Character.

In order to understand the linguistic nature of the SDs of this group it is necessary to clear up some problems, so far untouched, of definition can point out only one or two properties of a phenomenon. Therefore in building up a definition the definer tries to single out the most essential features of the object. These are pinned down by the definer through a long period of observation of the object. its functioning, its growth and its changes.

However, no definition can comprise all the inner qualities of the object and new combinations of it with other objects as well; a deeper penetration into the ontology of the object will always reveal some hither to unknown qualities and features. In the fourth group of stylistic devices, which we now come to, we find they one of the qualities of the object in question is made to sound essential.

Simile. Things are best of all learned by simile

V.G. Belinsky.

Simile reveals the most essential features of an object or person and draws a comparison between two different things.

Such formal elements as; like, as, such as, as if, seem etc. introduce similes and comparison. We must not confuse ordinary comparison and simile as a SD. Comparison implies estimation of two objects which belong to one class of object. Its purpose is to show the features which bring these objects together; if he is like his mother he must be a good-looking boy.