The Cranes family settled in Port Jervis, New – York, In 1898 he covered the Greco-Turkish war and the Spanish-American war

1879 the Cranes family settled in Port Jervis, New – York, In 1898 he covered the Greco-Turkish war and the Spanish-American war.

Crane’s «Wilomville Stories» (1900) In 1897 he wrote his short storey: «The Blue Hotel» whoch was published in 1898. «The Open Boat» is based on his experiences of being shirwprecked while travelling to Cuba. «The Red Badge of Courage» was America first great war novel. In 1882, two years after the father, death Stephen was acting as a reporter of vacation news items for his brother Townley’s news – service agency in the resort town of Asbury Park, New – Jersey. Crane’s University days (1890–1891) were limited to two semesters – one of Lafayette College. And one at Syracuse University. But something of importance was going forward during this uninspired academic year: he wrote at least the first draft of «Maggie: a girl of the Streets» – an America’s first wholly deterministic novel. Unable to find a publisher for his account of a tenement girls descent to prostitution and suicide. Crane borrowed money and in 1893 brought it out himself in yellow pepper wrappers under the pseudonym of «Johnson Smith». Financially the book was stillborn, but it did serve to bring the young writer to the attention of Garland and William Dean Howells.

It is not a little ironic that Crane subscribed to the notion that an artist had actually to touch a segment of life before he could recreate it imaginatively, for «The Red Badge of Courage», American’s first great war novel, was written before Cranehad «smelled even the power of a shame battle». Books, pictures and veterans accounts of Civil War fighting, rather than any fighting itself, were the sources for his psychological study of a boy soldier’s struggle with the enormous horrors, both with in and without, which war unleashes. As a reporter in New – York he had explored the bars and brothels and flophouses of the Bowerry. After the success of «The Red Bade of Courage», he covered the activities of the filibusters who were gunrunning from Florida to Cuba against Spain: in the course of this activity he suffered the shipwreck «The Open Boat». In 1897 he covered the Greco – Turkish War for two newspapers: the following year it was Spanish – American War. He died of tuberculosis in June of the following year. Although he didn’t reach his 29^th birthday. His early stories ware published in a collectioned «Last Words» (1901). Stepen Crane wrote articles «The King’s Favour» (1891) and «A Foreign Policy in Three Glimpses». He published his book «The Monster». «Whilomville Stories» is a collection of stories about the children of a little American town. His books fills 12 volumes.

In addition to the titles mentioned above Crain’s works include «The Little Regiment» (1896), «George’s Mother» (1896), «The third Violet» (1897), «The Open Boat and other tales of Adventure» (1898), «Active Service» (1899), «The Wounds in the Rain» (1900), «Great Battles of the World» (1901), «Last Words» (1902), «The O’Ruddy, with Robert Barr» (1903).

Crane also wrote some poetry collected in two volumes – «The Black Riders» (1895) and «War Is Kind» (1899). These short, bitter poems reveal a man whose life had been filled with pain and hardship but who refused to shut his eyes to the grim truths he saw.

Frank Norris (1870–1902)

He began to write his novel «Vandover and the Brute» early but it was published later in Norris’s life was short but full. The son of a successful businessman and actress, Norris was born in 1870 in Chicago. When he was 14 his family moved to Oakland. California from Chicago. 3 years later he was in Paris as an art student 1887–1889 devoting himself, however, more to literature than painting. In 1890 at his father’s insistence, he returned home to become a student at the Berkley University of California, which he attended for 4 years without earning his degree. In 1894 he enrolled at Harvard as a special student in English. He completed «Miss. Teague» (1899), a relentless novel in the naturalistic manner of Zola. «Vandouver and the Brute» another daring piece of naturalism, was written about the same time, but it was not published until 1914, and then from an uncorrected draft of the novel. In 1903 his circle of articles was collected in «The Responsibilities of the Novelist».

University days behind him, Norris, took himself off to South Africa during the Boer war to write a serious of sketches; he was captured by the Boers, suffered an attack of fever, and was ordered to leave the country. Back home, he joined the staff of a San – Francisco magazine, then «Wave», to which he made frequent contributions. 1898, «Mc – Clures Magazine» sent him to Cuba to cover the Spanish – American War. The last few years of his life were spent in writing and, for a brief time, editorial reading for Doubleday, Page, the publishing company. In this latter activity, his work wasn’t without significance: Norris got the company to publish Driser’s «Sister Carrie». He died of post – operative complications resulting from an appendectomy.

Although Norris wasn’t himself a great novelist, he had a grandiose concept of the role of the novelistic society. Of the three great «molders of public opinion and public morals» – the press, the pulpit, and the novel – Norris felt the last to be potentially the most powerful. In 1899 he wrote to a friend «the big American novel is going to come out of the West». This is the origin if his projected «Epic of the Wheat», a trilogy which was to tell the story of the production, distribution, and consumption of American wheat. «The Octopus» (1901) portrays the struggle of the California wheat growers against more powerful interests: «The Pit» is about the old Chicago Board of Trade: «The Wolf» was to have dealt with the relation of American wheat to starving countries with old there faults, «The Octopus» and «The Pit» loan as large in the history of the American economic novel as does «Mc Teague» in the history of American literary naturalism. His story «A Deal in Wheat» is written after «The Pit» is about the defeat of the common people.

Norris wrote the following works as well: «Moren of the Lady Latty» (1898), «Blix» (1899), «A Man’s Woman» (1900), «The Responsibilities of the novelist» (1903), «A deal in wheat and other stories» (1903), «The Joyous Miracle» 1906, «The Third Circle» (1909).

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