Read the text and retell the contents in Russian

12. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian

 

Text. Territorial and Administrative Division of Government in the United Kingdom

In Great Britain the county, or shire, is the principal subdivision of the country for political, administrative, judicial, and other purposes. Counties are used in England and Wales but have been replaced by other administrative units in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Before the Norman Conquest of the 11th century, the chief unit of local government in England was the shire, which had originated in the Saxon communities of the 5^th century. Each shire was ruled by an ealdorman (alderman), but after the 11^th century his functions were taken over by the shire-reeve, or sheriff, who was appointed by the king. By the 14^th century a county court, composed of several justices of the peace, or magistrates, had developed to help the sheriff administer the county. Over the centuries these crown-appointed magistrates gradually became the primary administrators of counties. Each county also became the constituency for the elections of knights of the shire, or county members of Parliament.

This system of county government, with centrally appointed justices of the peace holding legislative, judicial, and executive powers, became inadequate in the 19^th century as the suffrage was extended, government services expanded, and industrial cities continued to grow. To remedy this undemocratic system, the Local Government Act of 1888 established county councils, with members elected by local residents, to take over the legislative and executive duties of the magistrates. The act also replaced the historic counties with new administrative counties, which often had different boundaries. The act also created about 60 county boroughs; these were cities that were given county powers in order to better provide local government services.

The Local Government Act of 1972 reorganized the county system again; 47 new counties contained all urban as well as rural areas in their boundaries, and each county was subdivided into several districts, which numbered almost 300 in all. A British county provides police and fire services, education, social-welfare services, public transport, traffic regulation, consumer protection, libraries, and some highways and parks. The county council is the general governing board of a county; it is a large body, with 50 to 100 popularly elected members, and much of its basic administrative work is delegated to committees.

Outside the United Kingdom, the system of county government was adopted, with variations, in most of the countries settled from Britain. In Canada, however, the county system never became universal; where it exists, the county councils are generally much smaller than in England. New Zealand has had county councils since 1876. In Australia the administrative unit is generally called the shire, though the name county is used for larger areas.

(From the Encyclopaedia)

Unit 7

Grammar: 1. Participle I (Present Participle Active).

2. Continuous Tenses.

3. Безличные предложения с местоимением it.

4. Особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных.

I. Language Practice

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

ø Well... `Let me ö see... `Let me ö think... By the ø way... They ø say... ø First. `First of ø all... In `my oøpinion... To `my mind... To `tell the ø truth... I `don’t quite ö follow you. It’s `not to the ö point. `Keep to the ö point. `Generally ø speaking... As `far as I ø know... As to ø me... In ø fact... The matter ø is that... In `any ø case... `Go aöhead. On the ø one hand... On the ø other hand... Above ø all ... Let’s get down to ... To `sum it ø up... `On the ø whole... `All in ø all... `After ø all... In `short... `That exö plains it. Let’s round ö off.

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1.  responsibility - ответственность

2.  similar - подобный

3.  speciality [`speclti] - амер. специальность

4.  human - человеческий

5.  issue - вопрос

6.  manufacturing personnel - производственный персонал

7.  schedule [`edju:l] - инвентарь, график

8.  raw materials - сырье

9.  smoothness - бесперебойность, плавность

10.  assets - средства, фонды

11.  excessive inventories - чрезмерные запасы

12.  sacrificing - недостаточный, убыточный

13.  delivery - поставка

14.  advantage - преимущество

15.  current cost - текущие издержки

Text. Production Management THE "FIVE M'S"

Operations management (known in industry as production management) is a responsibility similar in level and scope to other specialties such as marketing and to human resource and financial management. In manufacturing operations, production management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and control issues involving capacity and quality, and organization and supervision of the workforce.

Production management's responsibilities are summarized by the "five M's": men, machines, methods, materials, and money. "Men" refers to the human element in operating systems. Since the vast majority of manufacturing personnel work in the physical production of goods, "people management" is one of the production manager's most important responsibilities.

The production manager must also choose the machines and methods of the company, first selecting the equipment and technology to be used in the manufacture of the product or service and then planning and controlling the methods and procedures for their use. The flexibility of the production process and the ability of workers to adapt to equipment and schedules are important issues in this phase of production management.

The production manager's responsibility for materials includes the management of flow processes-both physical (raw materials) and information (paperwork). The smoothness of resource movement and data flow is determined largely by the fundamental choices made in the design of the product and in the process to be used.

The manager's, concern for money is explained by the importance of financing and asset utilization to most manufacturing organizations. A manager who allows excessive inventories to build up or who achieves level production and steady operation by sacrificing good customer service and timely delivery runs the risk that overinvestment or high current costs will wipe out any temporary competitive advantage that might have been obtained.

 

II. Exercises on the Text:

3. Give English equivalents to:

подобная по уровню и объему; человеческие ресурсы и управление финансовой деятельностью; вопросы, включающие производственные мощности и качество; ответственность за управление произ-водством; подавляющее большинство; «взаимоотношения с людьми»; методы и действия для их использования; гиб-кость производственного процесса; как физические, так и информационные; плавность движения ресурсов и посту-пления данных; временное конкурентное преимущество.

4. Answer the following questions:

1.  What is operations management?

2.  What does production management include in manufacturing operations?

3.  What are the «five M’s»?

4.  Why is «people management» one of the production manager’s most important responsibilities?

5.  How must the production manager choose the machines and methods of the company?

6.  In what phase of production management the flexibility of the production process is an important issue?

7.  What does the production manager’s responsibility for materials include?

8.  How is the manager’s concern for money explained?

9.  What manager runs the risk?

10.  Will high current costs wipe out any temporary competitive advantage?

III. Grammar Exercises

 

			ing — forms
noun		adjective		gerund		participle I
(pricing)		(managing)		(delivering)		(smb. working)

Active Voice

Continuous Tenses (Progressive)	be	Participle I (verb + ing)	Time Markers
Present Continuous	am, is, are	building	¬¾¾¾Ì½É¾¾¾®
Past Continuous	was, were	asking	¬¾Ä¾¾½¾¾® ¬¾8¾½¾®
Future Continuous	shall (will) be		¬¾¾¾½¾¾Ä® ¬¾8¾½¾®

5. Write down the following verbs in the form of Participle I.

1. to manage, to know, to include, to involve, to refer, to operate, to work, to select, to control, to plan, to determine, to explain, to finance, to get, to study, to write, to persuade, to increase, to die.

6. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of Participle I:

1.   Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them, developing strategies to persuade them to buy.

2.   For retailers, the use of catalogs makes it possible to do business considerably beyond their usual trading area.

3.   The whole month I was working hard. We were auditing accounts of a joint venture.

4.   The State Tax Service in Russia is a new organization but its role is becoming very important because more and more new businesses are appearing in the country.

5.   The majority of corporations are small, differing little in their characteristics from other forms of business.

6.   An Italian delegation arrived yesterday. At 9 we were meeting the delegation at the airport, at 12 we were having lunch, at 2 we were discussing the contract.

7.   Those who interpret the voting incorrectly, producing too much or too little, or charging a price that is too low, do not earn profits.

8.   At least half the nation’s 50 leading corporations have mail-order divisions.

9.   You phoned at 9.15, didn’t you? We were discussing our business plan at that time.

10.   Also carving its own niche is telephone marketing.

sunny rainy frosty cloudy

and hot and foggy and snowy and windy

7. Look at the pictures. Ask and answer the question as in the model:

Model: A. What’s the weather like today?

B. It’s hot and dry.

8. Read the dialogue and make up your own dialogue:

A. Look, Ann, is it cold outside?

B. I think it’s not cold. It’s warm.

A. What’s the temperature today?

B. It’s 4 below zero.

A. Let’s go to the scating-ring.

B. I’m sorry, I’m busy.

A. What a pity!

Образование множественного числа существительных греческого и латинского происхождения.

Единственное число		Множественное число
datum[`deitcm]	данная величина	data [`deitc]
addendum[c`dendcm]	добавление	addenda [c`dendc]
erratum[i`reitcm]	ошибка (опечатка)	errata [i`reitc]
memorandum [memc`r ndcm]	меморандум	memoranda [memc`r ndc]
phenomenon[fi`n]mincn]	явление	phenomena [fi`n]minc]
criterion[krai`ticricn]	критерий	criteria [krai`ticric]
basis[`beisis]	базис	bases [`beisi:z]
crisis[`kraisis]	кризис	crises [`kraisi:z]
analysis[c`n lisis]	анализ	analyses [c`n lisi:z]
thesis[`i:sis]	диссертация	theses [`i:si:z]
stimulus[`stimjulcs]	стимул	stimuli [`stimjulai]
index[`indcks]	индекс,	indexes [`indckscs]
	указатель	indices [`indisi:z]
apparatus[cpc`reitcs]	аппарат	apparatus [cpc`reitcs]

9. Read the text and retell it in Russian:

Science and Technology in Britain

Since the first artificial splitting of the atom at Cambridge, in 1932, by Sir John Cockcroft and Dr. E. T. S. Walton, Britain's nuclear scientists have made continuous progress in harnessing atomic energy. Today eight commercial nuclear power stations are supplying electricity for factories and homes and others are being built. Some of Britain's top scientists are engaged in space research on projects such as upper atmosphere probes with British-built rockets at Woomera, Australia, and inwork on satellite communications. Others are making vital discoveries in the laboratory into the very nature of life itself.

Britain is pre-eminent in radio astronomy and in many fields of electronics including miniaturisation. one of the most important factors in the electronics revolution, and in radar for marine and aviation purposes. Much basic work was done in Britain on electronic computers. British advances in medicine include penicillin and other antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, heart-lung machines, a new anti-viral agent, Interferon, of great potential value and many other important developments in the treatment of disease.

British contributions to science include many great discoveries linked with famous names - Sir Isaac Newton (theory of gravitation), Robert Boyle ("the father of modern chemistry"), Michael Faraday (whose discoveries gave rise to the electrical industry), and Henry Cavendish (properties of hydrogen). In the present century - J. J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford and Sir James Chadwick (basic work on nuclear science), Gowland Hopkins (the existence of vitamins), Sir William Bragg (X-ray analysis), and many others. Medicine owes much to such pioneers as William Harvey (circulation of the blood), Edward Jenner (vaccination), Joseph Lister (antiseptics). Sir Ronald Ross (who proved the relation between malaria and mosquitoes).

Since 1945 there have been 27 British scientists who have received international recognition for their work by gaining Nobel awards. There are over 200 learned scientific societies in Britain. In ten years Britain has doubled her total number of qualified scientists.

10. Translate English jokes:

Which of You Three?

A. - Hallo? Is that Ted Wells?

B. - Yes. Who is speaking?

A. - Sam.

B. - Who? I don’t hear.

A. - I say Sam: Sid, Ada, Mary. Do you hear?

B. - Yes, I do. But which of three is speaking?

¾ T T T ¾

 

Mother: Well, what is Mary doing?

Jane: Well, if the ice is as thick as she thinks, she is skating, but if the ice is as thin as I think, she is swimming.

Unit 8

Grammar: 1. Правила согласования времен. Косвенная речь.

2. Future-in-the-Past.

3. Бессоюзные определительные предложения.

4. This-these, that-those как заменители ранее стоящего существительного.

 

I. Language Practice

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

`Are you `going to the ø shop?

ö Yes, I ö am. ö No, I am ö not.

`Are you `waiting for a ø taxi or for a ö bus.

I am `waiting for a ö bus.

`What are you ö doing?

I am `reading a ö magazine.

`What `magazine are you ö reading?

I am `reading an `English ö magazine.

`Where are you ö going?

I am `going to the ö theatre.

`Who is `going to the theatre ö with you?

My `friend ö is.

`Why are you sitting ö here?

I’m `sitting ö because I’m ö tired.

`What were you `doing when I `came ö in?

I was `looking for my `new ö slides.

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1.   hardware store - магазин скобяных товаров

2.   sophomore [`s]fcm]:] - студент-второкурсник

3.   stock - склад

4.   job market - рынок труда

5.   supervisor - контролер

6.   employee [/empl]i`i:] - служащий

7.   inventory - инвентаризация

8.   skill - умение, практический опыт

9.   to hint - намекать

10.   establish - основывать

11.   loan - кредит

12.   labor coast - издержки на оплату рабочей силы

13.   in the long run - впоследствии

14.   promotion - продвижение по службе

15.   incentive - стимул

 

Text A. How Competition Benefits Us All.

In a competitive market, producers constantly strive to reduce their production costs as a way to increase profits. The increased efficiency that allows them to reduce their costs also enables producers to sell their goods at a lower price. Thus, by promoting efficiency, competition leads to lower prices.

Competition also motivates producers to improve the quality and increase the variety of goods and services. Consumers soon learn which brand offers the best value, and that firm will earn greater profits than its competitors. Similarly, producers in a competitive market must constantly look for new and attractive goods and services to win a larger share of the market.

As firms compete for consumer’s dollar in a market, their efforts lead to the production of a variety of better-quality products at the lowest possible prices. And since we are all consumers, it follows that competition benefits us all.

Text B. Competition in Many Markets: An Example.

On weekends during the school year and in the summer, David Scott works in a small local hardware store. When he began his job, as a sophomore, he was a stock clerk, and he thought himself lucky to have any job. Each year there had been a lot of competition for jobs in his city, especially in May and June when college students entered the local job market. In the spring of his senior year David decided to be more selective about where he worked and how much he earned. He decided to ask his boss for a raise to become a supervisor of the younger employees at the store.

He told his boss that since he learned the computer-assisted inventory and ordering system and other special skills he was more valuable, and should be paid accordingly. He hinted that he might seek employment elsewhere. Another store in town was advertising for someone with his skills.

David’s boss, Jay Richards, the entrepreneur who had established the small hardware store two years earlier, faced competition every day. Since starting his business, he had been in competition with other buyers and sellers in the marketplace. He competed with other buyers when he purchased the land for his store. He competed with other borrowers when he applied for his bank loan. He competed every week for the best deals on the goods he bought from his wholesalers. Jay knew that he also had to compete for customers with other hardware stores.

One of his major expenses was labor. He had to keep his labor costs down to meet his other expenses and earn a profit. He knew that David would cost him more, but he decided to pay him the higher wage because David had acquired skills that made him more productive. Jay reasoned that David’s experience and knowledge would help the business to save money in the long run.

Supply and Demand.

David was also free to sell his labor somewhere else. He could have competed with others for another job. From the newspaper ad he knew at least one other job was available. Maybe there were others. He wasn’t sure. He also wasn’t sure about the supply of other workers with his skills. He wondered whether he would get the raise and promotion if there were lots of people who could do the job.

David’s boss was also free to interview and hire other workers. In their own ways David and Jay were both trying to get what each thought would be best. They were competing.

Profit Motive and Competition.

Competition drives Jay Richards to do what he can to reduce costs and increase sales in order to increase profits. Of course, his competitors will be doing this too. They also want to earn the greatest profits. The profit motive (the efforts to maximize profits) is free enterprise’s most important incentive.

 

II. Exercises on the Text:

3. Text A. Give English equivalents to:

производители пытаются сократить издержки производства; дает возможность производителям продавать свои товары; путем повышения эффективности; конкуренция побуждает производителей; эта фирма получит большую прибыль; искать новые и привлекательные товары и услуги; конкуренция приносит пользу всем нам.

4. Text B. Ask questions for these answers (work in pairs):

1.   David Scott usually works on weekends during the school year in summer.

2.   He was a stock clerk.

3.   It was in May and June because college students entered the local job market.

4.   He was going to become a supervisor of the younger employees at the store.

5.   He learned the computer-assisted inventory and ordering system and other special things.

6.   Another store in town was advertising for someone with his skills.

7.   He had established the small hardware store two years earlier.

8.   He had been in competition with other buyers and sellers.

9.   When he purchased the land for his store.

10.   Yes, he did. He competed with other borrowers.

11.   Yes, he did. He knew that he also had to compete for customers.

12.   Because David had acquired skills that made him more productive.

5. Combine the words into sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.   could, his labor, David, else, sell, somewhere.

2.   one other job, knew, from the newspaper ad, he, was available, at least.

3.   who, there, many people, were, the same job, do, could.

4.   entrepreneurs, always, and, competing, employees, are.

5.   wanted, to reduce, in order to increase, Jay Richards, costs, and, profits, increase sales.

6.   incentive, the profit motive, most important, is free, enterprise’s.

 

III. Grammar Exercises

1.   I hope your friend will come and see us on Sunday.

2.   I hoped...

3.   This statistician thinks he will get the latest data.

4.   This statistician thought...

5.   My friend is sure his profession is better than mine.

6.   My friend was sure...

7.   I think they televise international economic events.

8.   I thought...

9.   The manager believes that the work was done thoroughly.

10.   The manager believed ... and so he didn’t check it himself.

11.   Mother was sure that her son made good progress at the institute.

12.   Mother was sure ... since the holiday.

13.   We are afraid the firm won’t earn great profits.

14.   We were afraid...

15.   I am happy they call me up now and then.

16.   I was happy...

7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses:

1.   I asked Mr. Olegov where he lived.

2.   He said that he lived in Moscow.

3.   He told me that he worked at a large plant and described where the plant was.

4.   I told him that I knew the plant because I had worked there for about two years.

5.   I said that I didn’t work there any longer because I was studying at the Institute of Finance and Economics.

6.   Mr. Olegov asked me if I knew the economists working at the plant.

7.   I told him that I knew most of them.

8.   He told me that the plant had greatly increased its production and was producing almost three times more goods than four years ago.

9.   The other day the manager was asked if he would introduce the new machine constructed by one of the workers with the help of the engineers.

10.   He answered that he would do it as soon as the tests were completed.

  Indirect Speech.

		Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Prefect Continuous
	Главное предло-жение	write пишет (вообще)	am writing пишет (сейчас)	have written написал (уже)	have been writing пишет (уже сейчас)	Present
		¯	¯	¯	¯
Past	He said (that)	wrote пишет	was writing писал (вчера в 7 часов)	had written написал вчера к 7 часам)	had been writing писал (вчера уже 3 часа, когда...)	Past
		¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®  ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
	Он сказал (что)	shall/will write напишет (завтра)	will be writing будет писать (завтра в 7 часов)	will have written напишет (завтра к 7 часам)	will have been writing будет писать (завтра уже 3 часа, когда...)	Future
		¯	¯	¯	¯
		would write	would be writing	would have written	would have been writing	Future-in-the-Past

При обращении прямой речи в косвенную происходит следующая замена наречий места, времени и указательных местоимений.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
now	сейчас	then	тогда
here	здесь	there	там
this, these	это, этот, эти	that/those	тот, то, те
today	сегодня	that day	в этот день
tomorrow	завтра	(the) next day, the following day	на следующий день
yesterday	вчера	the day before, the previous day	накануне
next week/year	на следующей неделе/на будущий год	the next week/ year	на следующей неделе/в следующем году
last week	на прошлой неделе	the previous week	за неделю до
last year	в прошлом году	the year before	за год до

  Special Questions

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He asks me, «Where do you live?»	He asks (me) where I live.
He asked her, «Where does your father work?»	He asked her where her father worked.
He asked me, «Where did your father work?»	He asked me where my father had worked.

General Questions

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He asks me, «Are you a worker?»	He asks me if I am a worker.
He asked me, «Are you a worker?»	He asked (me) if I was a worker.
He asked her, «Were you a student?»	He asked (her) if she had been a student.

8. Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms:

1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision.

2. I believed that a long-term loan (to be) absolutely necessary for that program.

3. I didn’t know if you (to apply) for this job.

4. They said they (to work) seven hours a day.

5. Did he say that there (to be) a lot of problems with this agreement?

6. The manager said that we (to need) to reduce the amount of corporate income tax.

9. Change the direct speech into indirect speech:

1. The manager asked, «Does this project require long term financing?»

2. The director asked, «Are we repaying debts in due time?»

3. He asked, «Did this debt carry interest?»

4. The head of the company asked the Board of Directors, «Are we able to repay the loan?»

5. The manager asked the customer, «Can you wait a little longer?»

6. The customer asked, «Were the terms specified in any agreement?»

10. Translate the following sentences:

1. Markets provide a kind of economic polling booth for buyers to cost their votes for the goods and services they want.

2. Promotion is a key part of marketing because it is the way business get their messages to consumers.

3. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, enterprises and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.

4. Let’s suppose that you recently managed to save enough to buy the CD player you always wanted.

11. Translate the sentences:

1. The railways of Russia are much longer than those of England.

2. The climate of the Crimea is warmer then that of the Ural.

3. Our resources of oil are greater than those of Poland.

4. The rivers in the West of our country are not so long as those in the Eastern part.

12. Translate the following. Try to understand the meaning of suffixes:

Example: watch (N) - watchful (A)

наблюдение - наблюдательный

life (N) - lifeless (A)

жизнь - безжизненный

1. a sleepless night; 2. moonless night; 3. childless family; 4. helpless people; 5. wonderful evening; 6. a starless black sky; 7. a watchful man; 8. landless farmers; 9. a jobless man; 10. a powerful monopoly; 11. a hopeful project; 12. a painful problem.

13. Translate English jokes.

The young candidate for admission to the navy was being given a test to determine his general education. One of the questions puts to him was: «What kind of animals eat grass?» The young man fidgeted and looked out of the window, but apparently could think of no answer.

«Come, come», said the admiral who was examining him, «Surely, you can answer a simple question like that: what kinds of animals eat grass?»

The boy brightened up. «Animals!» he exclaimed, «I thought you said admirals.»

Unit 9

Grammar: 1. Passive Voice.

2. Пассивные конструкции характерные для английского языка.

3. Формы инфинитива.

 

I. Language Practice

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

— Helölo, Tom!

— Helølo, Nick ö. Here you ø are at last. `What have you been doing ö all this `time?

— You ö see. I’ve been `awfully ø busy `all this ö week. I’ve `got a ö new job.

— `What `sort of ö job?

— I’m an `assistant at a ö lab.

— ,Congratuö`lations, old ø chap! The `work must be very ö interesting.

— Oh ö yes, it ö is.

— `What is the ö `salary?

— The ø same as `that of `all the ö other assistants. `Quite enough to ø live on and to ö put by a little.

2. Read and translate. Mind stress and pronunciation in the following nouns and verbs.

export import progress record transport

`expo:t n `impo:t n `proulres n `reko:d n `tr nspo:t n

eks`po:t v im`po:t v prc`gres v ri`ko:d v tr ns`po:t v

 

conflict increase outlay produce retail

`k]nflikt n `inkri:s n `autlei n `pr]dju:s n `ri:teil n

 kcn`flikt v in`kri:s v aut`lei v prc`dju:s v ri:`teil v

3. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1.   partnership - компания, товарищество

2.   common law - общее право

3.   civil law - гражданское право

4.   to be entitled - иметь право

5.   to provide - предусматривать

6.   dormant partner - пассивный партнер

7.   to be liable for smb’s debts - нести ответственность за чьи-либо долги

8.   obligations - обязательство

9.   incur - нести, навлекать на себя что-либо

10.   to invisage [in`vizi®] - рассматривать

11.   shareholder - акционер

12.   board of directors - правление директоров

13.   regime [rei`¥i:m] - зд. система правления

14.   managing director - директор-распорядитель

15.   to authorize - уполномачивать

16.   to appoint - назначать

17.   general supervision - общий надзор

18.   issue - выпуск

19.   share - акция

20.   bond - облигация

21.   borrowing - заем

22.   executing officer - управляющий делами

23.   treasurer - амер. заведующий

24.   to confide to - поручать кому-либо

25.   remuneration - оплата, заработная плата

26.   to dismiss - увольнять

27.   to vest powers - наделять полномочиями

 

Text. Management and Control of Companies

The simplest form of management is the partnership. In Anglo-American common-law and European civil-law countries, every partner is entitled to take part in the management of the firm's business, unless he is a limited partner; however, a partnership agreement may provide that an ordinary partner shall not participate in management, in which case he is a dormant partner but is still personally liable for the debts and obligations incurred by the other managing partners.

The management structure of companies or corporations is more complex. The simplest is that envisaged by English, Belgian, Italian, and Scandinavian law, by which the shareholders of the company periodically elect a board of directors who collectively manage the company's affairs and reach decisions by a majority vote. Under this regime it is common for a managing director (directeur général, direttore generale) to be appointed, often with one or more assistant managing directors, and for the board of directors to authorize them to enter into all transactions needed for carrying on the company's business, subject only to the general supervision of the board and to its approval of particularly important measures, such as issuing shares or bonds or borrowing. The U.S. system is a development of this basic pattern. By the laws of most states it is obligatory for the board of directors elected periodically by the shareholders to appoint certain executive officers, such as the president, vice president, treasurer, and secretary. The latter two have no management powers and fulfill the administrative functions that in an English company are the concern of its secretary; but the president and in his absence the vice president have by law or by delegation from the board of directors the same full powers of day-to-day management as are exercised in practice by an English managing director.

The most complex management structures are those provided for public companies under German and French law. The management of private companies under these systems is confided to one or more managers (gérants, Geschäftsführer) who have the same powers as managing directors. In the case of public companies, however, German law imposes a two-tier structure, the lower tier consisting of a supervisory committee (Aufsichtsrat) whose members are elected periodically by the shareholders and the employees of the company in the proportion of two-thirds shareholder representatives and one-third employee representatives (except in the case of mining and steel companies where shareholders and employees are equally represented) and the upper tier consisting of a management board (Vorstand) comprising one or more persons appointed by the supervisory committee but not from its own number. The affairs of the company are managed by the management board, subject to the supervision of the supervisory committee, to which it must report periodically and which can at any time require information or explanations. The supervisory committee is forbidden to undertake the management of the company itself, but the company's constitution may require its approval for particular transactions, such as borrowing or the establishment of branches overseas, and by law it is the supervisory committee that fixes the remuneration of the managers and has power to dismiss them.

The French management structure for public companies offers two alternatives. Unless the company's constitution otherwise provides, the shareholders periodically elect a board of directors (conseil d'administration), which "is vested with the widest powers to act on behalf of the company" but which is also required to elect a president from its members who "undertakes on his own responsibility the general management of the company," so that in fact the board of directors' functions are reduced to supervising him. The similarity to the German pattern is obvious.

Dutch and Italian public companies tend to follow the German pattern of management, although it is not expressly sanctioned by the law of those countries. The Dutch commissarissen and the Italian sindaci, appointed by the shareholders, have taken over the task of supervising the directors and reporting on the wisdom and efficiency of their management to the shareholders.

II. Exercises on the Text:

4. Give Russian equivalents to:

every partner is entitled to take part in; a partnership agreement may provide; he is a dormant partner; personally liable for debs and obligations; who collectively manage the company’s affairs; by a majority vote; under this regime; to enter into all transactions; approval of particular important measures; issuing shares or bonds; by the law of most states; to appoint certain executive officers; to fulfill the administrative functions; the same full powers of day-to-day management;

the management of private companies; in the case of public companies; a two-tier structure; supervisory committee; two-third shareholder representatives and employees; the affairs of the company; which can require information or explanations; to forbid to undertake the management; approval for particular transactions; establishment of branches overseas; to fix remuneration ; to offer two alternatives; on behalt of the company; the similarity is obvious; it is not expressly sanctioned by the law; reporting on the wisdom and efficiency.

5. Ask questions for these answers (work in pairs):

1.   Every partner is entitled to take part in the management of the firm’s business.

2.   The management structure of companies or corporations is more complex.

3.   The company periodically elects a board of directors.

4.   They reach decisions by a majority vote.

5.   Particularly important measures are issuing shares or bonds or borrowing.

6.   Yes, it is. The U.S. system is a development of this basic pattern.

7.   The board of directors appoints certain executive officers.

8.   The treasurer and secretary fulfill the administrative functions.

9.   The most complex management structures are in Germany and France.

10.   It is confided to one or more managers.

11.   German law imposes a two-tier structure in the case of public companies.

12.   The affairs of the company are managed by the management board.

13.   It must report to the supervisory committee.

14.   The supervisory committee is forbidden to undertake the management of the company itself.

15.   It fixes the remuneration of the managers.

16.   The French management structure offers two alternatives.

17.   Yes, it is. A board of directors «is vested with the widest powers to act on behalt of the company».

18.   The board of director’s functions are reduced to supervising the company.

19.   They have taken over the task of supervising the directors.

6. Read, translate and analyze the scheme:

  Organization of a Corporation

Stockholders

Board of Directors

President

Vice President

Vice President

Department Head

Department Head

Department Head

Department Head

Employees

Employees

Employees

Employees

III. Grammar Exercises

  Formation of the Passive Tense Forms

	Present	Past
Indefinite	I am ü He is ý invited We areþ	I was ü He was ý invited We wereþ
Continuous	I am ü He is ý being We areþ invited	I was ü He was ý being We were þ invited
Perfect	I have ü He has ý been We have þinvited	I ü He ý had been We þ invited
Perfect Continuous	---------------	------------------

	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	I shall/will ü He will ý be invited We shall/will þ	I should/would ü He would ý be invited We should/would þ
Continuous	------------------	-------------------
Perfect	I shall/will ü He will ý have been We shall/will þ invited	I should/would ü He would ý have been We should/would þ invited
Perfect Continuous	_____	_____

7. State the tense and voice form of the verbs:

can be divided; are owned; will be used; was provided; has been expanded; is made; might have been obtained; shall be asked; is being done; have been translated; should be called; were being built; was followed; had been closed; will have been helped; would have been called.

8. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Don’t put on that funny hat. You will be laughed at. 2. I hope my work will be approved of. 3. Our professor is always attentively listened to. 4. In producing these things the new synthetic material has been made use of. 5. His words were not taken notice of. 6. Will the results of our work be referred to by? 7. The proposal was objected to by. 8. She has always been well spoken of. 9. All the new data have been looked through with great attention. 10. Where have you been? You have been looked for everywhere.

9. Give the corresponding passive construction:

1. They will insist on your arrival. 2. They told us very interesting news. 3. They do not allow people to own this plot of land. 4. They asked me to take part in this conference, but I refused. 5. This boy told a lie once, therefore nobody believes him now. 6. They speak much of every new achievement in computer programmes. 7. I don’t think you pay much attention to the obligations of your company. 8. Nobody wondered at the excellent results of this business enterprise. 9. Have you sent for the managing director? 10. They gave us all necessary information. 11. I looked for the warranty card everywhere, but I could not find it anywhere. 12. This executive officer took great care of the advertising of their products.

10. Translate the following into Russian:

1.   Since the beginning of that extraordinary era of economic progress ushered in by the Industrial Revolution, old ways of conducting business have been modified, and new forms of business organization have been introduced.

2.   Unless an activity is specifically prohibited by law, no line of business is closed to an owner.

3.   Unless a limited partnership has been established, all parties equally share the burden of loss and debts.

4.   Some products are marketed most effectively by direct sale from manufacturer to consumer.

5.   Simple transactions are completed by clerks.

6.   Displays must be supplied and set up, and cooperative advertising programs may be worked out.

7.   Store clerks should be trained in a knowledge of the manufacturer’s products.

8.   The production plan must be made to meet fluctuating market demands.

9.   Workers must be hired, trained, and assigned in synchronization with the changing production processes and schedules.

10.   Commodity analysis studies the ways in which a product or product group is brought to market.

Forms of the Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to ask — спрашивать (V0)	to be asked — быть опрошен-ным (спрашиваемым) (to be + V3)
Continuous	to be asking — спрашивать (to be + V-ing)	__________
Perfect	to have asked — (уже) спросить (в прошлом) (to have + V3)	to have been asked — быть (уже) спрошенным (в прош-лом) (To have been + V3)
Perfect Continuous	to have been asking — спросить (to have been + V-ing)	__________

11. Define the form of the Infinitive:

to manage; to be informed; to have been over; to be improving; to have been entering; to be investigated; must be raining; shall discuss; to have been taken.

12. a) Form verbs using the suffix -en:

wide, deep, broad, strength, length, sharp, moist.

b) Form verbs from the following nouns using the suffix -ize:

victim, sympathy, patron, character, organ.

c) Form nouns from the following nouns and adjectives using the suffix -ism:

race, communist, capital, social, feudal, nominal.

13. Read the text and retell it in Russian:

Paul Samuelson (1915-) And Milton Friedman (1912-)

Two Views of the Proper Role of Government in the Economy

Paul Samuelson and Milton Friedman are two of America's most distinguished economists. In recognition of their achievements, Samuelson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1970 and Friedman in 1976. Both spent most of their professional lives on the faculty of major universities (Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Friedman at the University of Chicago). Given their similarities, one would think that the two would also hold similar views on economic issues. Nothing could be further from the truth. And, some of their sharpest differences center on the question of what ought to be the proper role of government in the economy.

Classical economists in the tradition of Adam Smith had long recognized the need for government to provide goods and services that would not or could not be provided by the private sector (like national defense). But they urged that this participation be kept to a minimum.

But Samuelson argued that too many of the problems the classical economists wanted to leave to the marketplace were not subject to its influence. These externalities, affecting things like public health, education, and environmental pollution, were not subject to the laws of supply and demand. Consequently, it was up to government to establish goals for the economy and use its powers to achieve them.

Milton Friedman sees things differently. Like the classical economists of old, he regards supply and demand as the most powerful and potentially beneficial economic forces. The best that government can do to help the economy, in Friedman's view, is to keep its hands off business and allow the market to "do its thing." The minimum wage laws are a case in point. Whereas Samuelson endorses minimum wage laws as a means of helping workers at the bottom of the income ladder, Friedman would argue that by adding to unemployment, they harm the very people they were designed to help. That is, he explains, by increasing labor costs, minimum wage laws make it too expensive for many firms to hire low-wage workers. As a result, those who might otherwise be employed are laid off.

On the one hand, Samuelson endorses the concept of government-sponsored programs such as public housing and food stamps as a means of reducing poverty. Friedman, on the other hand, would prefer to give the poor additional income and allow them to use the funds to solve their problems without government interference. To apply this concept, Friedman suggested the "negative income tax." The graduated income tax takes an increasing amount in taxes as one's income rises. The negative income tax would apply a sliding scale of payments to those whose income from work fell below a stated minimum.

Unit 10

Grammar: 1. Функции инфинитива.