8. Government Recognition for Cornish.
Cornish is the only modern Celtic language that receives no significant support from government, despite the growing numbers learning Cornish, and the immense good will towards it from ordinary Cornish people and from elsewhere.
This contrasts strongly with the favourable stand taken by the Manx government towards Manx for example, as evidenced by Manx primary school places being made generally available.
Recently, the UK government scrapped the Cornish GCSE. Lack of Cornish language facilities and support is no longer just a language issue, but is rapidly becoming a civil rights and political issue too. Despite the growing support of councillors in Cornwall, some key individuals in County Hall continue to make clear their hostility to the language.
e.g. of the Cornish language:
“Pyw yw an Gernowyon?
Pobel Geltek yw an bobel a Gernow . Yn osow hendasek, an wtas Gorfewenna yn Wtas Dumnonii, neb a dregas yn Kernow, Dewnans ha Gwtas an Haf.
Y hyltyr bos del An Gernowyon a wrug trega yn Kernow hedro an dallath gonys tyr adro 3000 K.C.. An dallath gonys tyr yn Kernow a vo dallath an os ‘proto Yndo-Europek’, dres an tavajow Keltek ha tavajow Ytaiek dallath dhe dhysplegya.”
Part III. Peculiarities of South-Western Dialects.
1. Vocalisation.
| Devonshire | Somersetshire | Wiltshire | |
| “a” after “w” | |||
| is realized as [a:]: wasp [wa:sp] watch [wa:t∫] want [wa:nt] wander [wa:nd ] | is realized as [æ]: warm [wærm] warn [wærn] wart [wært] | ||
| “asp”, “ass”, “ast”, “a” → [æ]: grass [græs], glass [glæs], fast [fæst] | |||
| “al + a consonant” | |||
| “l” is realized as [a:] or [ :]: talk [ta:k] walk [wa:k] chalk [t∫a:k] balk [ba:k] | |||
| a + l, a + ll | |||
| in the open syllable “a” → [æ]: crane [kræn] frame [fræm] lame [læm] make [mæk] name [næm] | in the open syllable “a” → [æ]: crane [kræn] frame [fræm] lame [læm] make [mæk] name [næm] | ||
| The first sound is vowel | |||
| acre [jakr] ale [jal] acorn [’jak∂rn] hare [hja:r] ache [jek] acorn [jek∂rn] behave [bı’hjev] | |||
| “e” in the closed syllables → “a” | |||
| Nothern | Western |
| |
| egg [ag], fetch [fat∫], step [stap], wretch [rat∫], stretch [strat∫] |
| ||
| “e” in the closed syllables → [eı] | |||
| Eastern | Southern | ||
| egg [eıg], stretch [streıt∫] | |||
| “e” in the closed syllables → [e:] | |||
| South-Western | Western | Middle/Eastern | |
| Leg [le:g], bed [be:d], hedge [he:dz] | |||
| if “e” follows “w” → [ :] | |||
| Western | |||
| well [w :l] twelve [tw :lv] wench [w :nt∫] | |||
| “i” in the closed syllable | |||
| North-Western | Western | ||
| → [e]: big [beg] bid [bed] flitch [fletch] sit [set] spit [spet] | → [ ]: bill [b l] little [’l tl] children [’t∫ ldr n] cliff [kl f] hill [h l] drift [dr ft] shrimp [∫r mp] fit [f t] ship [∫ p] pig [p g] fish [f ∫] | ||
| “ight” → [e] | |||
| North-Western | Western | ||
| flight, right | |||
| if a nasal consonant follows “i” | |||
| → [e]: sing [seŋ] cling [kleŋ] | → [e]: sing [seŋ] cling [kleŋ] | ||
| “i” before “nd” | |||
| North-Western | |||
| → [e]: bind [ben] blind [blen] find [ven] grind [gren] | |||
| “i” before “ld” | |||
| Eastern | |||
| → [i:]: mild [mi:ld] wild [wi:ld] child [t∫ıld] | |||
| “i” in the open syllable | |||
| South-Western | Southern | ||
| → [eı]: fly [fleı] lie [leı] thigh [θeı] | → [eı]: bide [beıd] wide [weıd] time [teım] | ||
| Eastern | |||
| → [ ı]: fly [fl ı] lie [l ı] | |||
| “o” in the closed syllable followed by a consonant | |||
| South-Western |
| Eastern | |
| → [a:]: dog [da:g] cross [kra:s] | → [ ]: cot [k t] bottom [b tm] dog [d g] cross [kr s] | ||
| Western | |||
| → [a:]: dog [da:g] cross [kra:s] | |||
| “o” + a nasal consonant | |||
| North-Western | Western | Western | |
| → [æ]: among [∂’mæŋ] long [læŋ] wrong [ræŋ] | → [æ]: among [∂’mæŋ] long [læŋ] wrong [ræŋ] | among [∂’mæŋ] long [læŋ] wrong [ræŋ] | |
| “ol” + a consonant | |||
| Western | Western | ||
| → [u∂]: gold [gv∂ld] old [u∂ld] | → [u∂]: gold [gv∂ld] old [u∂ld] | ||
| “o” in the open syllable and “oa” | |||
| Western | |||
| → [ ]: bone [b n] broad [br d] rope [r p] load [l d] | |||
| “oi” | |||
|
| → [aı]: choice [t∫aıs] join [dzaın] moil [maıl] point [paınt] spoil [spaıl] voice [vaıs] | ||
| “u” in the closed syllable | |||
| Southern | |||
| → [e]: but [bet] dust [dest] | |||
| “ou” / ”ow” | |||
| Easter | |||
| → [av]: low [lav] owe [au] | |||
| “oo” | |||
| North-Western | Western | Middle/Eastern | |
| → [ı]: good [gıd] hood [hıd] foot [fıt] blood [blıd] stood [stıd] bloom [blım] broom [brım] moon [mın] loom [lım] | → [ö]: book [bök] cook [kök] crook [krök] look [lök] took [tök] good [göd] foot [föt] stood [stöd] | → [ ]: book [b k] brook [br k] crook [kr k] look [l k] took [t k] good [g d] foot [f t] soot [s t] flood [fl d] | |
| Eastern | |||
| → [ ]: book [b k] brook [br k] crook [kr k] | |||
| “i” in the open syllable | |||
| South-western | Southern | ||
| → [eı]: fly [fleı] lie [leı] thigh [θeı] | → [eı]: bide [beıd] wide [weıd] time [teım] | ||
| Eastern | |||
| → [ ı]: fly [fl ı] lie [l ı] | |||
| “o” in the closed syllable followed by a consonant | |||
| South-western | Eastern | ||
| → [a:]: dog [da:g] cross [kra:s] | → [ ]: cot [k t] bottom [b tm] dog [d g] cross [kr s] | ||
| Western | |||
| → [a:]: dog [da:g] cross [kra:s] | |||
| Devonshire | Somersetshire | Wiltshire | |
| “o” + a nasal consonant | |||
| North-western | Western | Western | |
| → [æ]: among [∂’mæŋ], long [læŋ], wrong [wræŋ] | |||
| “ol” + a consonant | |||
| Western | Western | ||
| → [u∂l]: gold [gv∂ld], old [u∂ld] | |||
| “oa” | |||
| Western | |||
| → [ ]: bone [b n] broad [br d] rope [r p] load [l d] | |||
| “oi” | |||
| → [aı]: choice [t∫aıs] join [dzaın] moil [maıl] point [paınt] spoil [spaıl] voice [vaıs] | |||
| “u” in the closed syllable | |||
| Southern | |||
| → [e]: but [bet] dust [dest] | |||
| “ou”/“ow” | |||
| Easter | |||
| → [av]: low [lav] owe [au] | |||
| “oo” | |||
| North-Western | Western | Middle/Eastern | |
| → [ı]: good [gıd] hood [hıd] foot [fıt] blood [blıd] stood [stıd] bloom [blım] broom [brım] moon [mın] loom [lım] root [rıt] spoon [spın] | → [ö]: book [bök] cook [kök] crook [krök] look [lök] took [tök] good [göd] foot [föt] stood [stöd] | → [ ]: book [b k] brook [br k] crook [kr k] look [l k] took [t k] good [g d] foot [f t] soot [s t] flood [fl d] | |
| Eastern | |||
| → [ ]: book [b k] brook [br k] crook [kr k] look [l k] | |||
| “er”, “ir”, “ur” | |||
| Southern | |||
| → [a:]: learn [la:n] earth [a:θ] bird [ba:d] birch [ba:t∫] merchant [’ma:t∫∂nt] herb [ha:b] work [wa:k] | |||
| “or” | |||
| → [a:]: fork [fa:k], horse [ha:s], horn [ha:n], short [∫a:t], | |||
| Morning [’ma:nıŋ], word [wa:d] | |||
| “ew” | |||
| Eastern |
| Northern | |
| → [ü:]: dew [dü:] few [fü:] | → [jav]: dew [djau] few [fjau] new [njau] | ||
|
2. Consonantism | |||
| [w] in the beginning of the word or before “h” | |||
| old [w l] oak [w k] hot [w t] home [w m] orchard [wurt∫∂t] hole [hwul] hope [hwup] open [’wupen] | [w] is not pronounced: week [ouk] swick [su:k] | ||
| “w” before “r” | |||
| is not pronounced | Western | is not pronounced | |
| → [vr]: wreck, wren, wrench, wrap, write, wrong e.g. Ye vratch, ye’ve vrutten that a’vrang. (= You wretch, you’ve written that all wrong.) | |||
| “wh” at the beginning of a word is [w], [u:], [u∂] | |||
| in the middle of a word [w] is pronounced | |||
| boy [bwo], moist [mw ıst], toad [twud], cool [kwul], country [’kwıntrı] | |||
| “f”, “th”, “s”, “sh” are voiced | |||
| Friday [’vræ:dı], friends [vrınz], fleas [vle:z], and in the these words: foe, father, fair, fear, find, fish, foal, full, follow, filth, fist, fire, fond, fault, feast, force, forge, fool. [θ]: thought [ð :t], thick [ðık], thigh [ðaı], and in the words: from, freeze, fresh, free, friend, frost, frog, froth, flesh, fly flock, flood, fleece, fling, flower, fail. | |||
| “t” at the beginning of the word before a vowel | |||
| Nothern | |||
| → [t∫]: team [t∫em], tune [t∫un], Tuesday [’t∫uzde] East D “t” in the middle of the word is voiced: bottle [’b dl], kettle [’kedl], little [’lıdl], nettle [’nedl], bottom [’b dm], matter [’med∂], cattle [’k dl], kittens [kıdnz] | |||
| “t” in the middle of the word is voiced | |||
| Western | |||
| bottle [’b dl], kettle [’kedl], little [’lıdl], nettle [’nedl], bottom [’b dm], matter [’med∂], cattle [’k dl], kittens [kıdnz] | |||
| The consonant [t] in (the French borrowings) hasn’t become [t∫] as it is in RP: | |||
| picture [’pıkt∂r], nature [’net∂r], feature [’fı∂t∂r] | |||
| the middle [t] sometimes disappears in the positions before “m…l”, “n…l”, “m…r” | |||
| Western | |||
| brimstone [’brımsn] empty [’empı] The same happens to the middle [b]: chamber > chimmer, embers > emmers, brambles > brimmels | |||
| between “l” and “r”; “r” and “l”; “n” and “r” a parasitic [d] has developed | |||
| parlour [’pa:ld∂r], tailor [’taıld∂r], smaller [’sm :ld∂r], curls [’ka:dlz], hurl [’a:dl], marl [’ma:dl], quarrel [’kw :dl], world [’wa:dl], corner [’ka:nd∂r] | |||
| Western | |||
| a parasitic [d] appeared after [l, n, r]: feel [fi:ld] school [sku:ld] idle [aıdld] mile [maıdl] born [ba∂nd] soul [s :ld] soon [zu:nd] gown [gaund] swoon [zaund] wine [waınd] miller [’mıl∂d] scholar [’sk l∂d] | |||
| the middle [d] in the word “needle” comes after [l]: [ni:ld] | |||
| Eastern | |||
| In the word “disturb” [b] is pronounced as [v] - [dis, t∂:v] | |||
| the first [θ] is pronounced as [ð] | |||
| thank [ðæŋk] and in other words: thatch, thaw, thigh, thin, thing, think, third, thistle, thong, thought, thousand, thumb, thunder, Thursday | |||
| Sometimes [θ] is pronounced as [t] at the end of the word: lath [lat] | |||
| Western | |||
| In some words [s] at the beginning of the word is pronounced as [∫]: suet [∫uıt]. The same happens when [s] is in the middle of the word: first [fer∫t] breast [brı∫t] next [nı∫t] | |||
| North-West W: [s] is sometimes pronounced as [z]: sure [zu∂r] | |||
| “sh”, “sk” at the end of the word | |||
| Western | |||
| → [s]: cask [k s] flask [fl s] leash [li:s] tusk [tus] Sometimes instead of [k] [t∫] is heard: back [b t∫] wark [wa:t∫] | |||
| sometimes the initial letter or a syllable is apsent | |||
| Western | Eastern | ||
| believe, deliver, desire, directly, disturb, eleven, enough, except, occasion, inquest, epidemic | |||
| the initial “cl” | |||
| → [tl]: clad [tlad], clap, clay, claw, clean, cleave, clergy, clerk, clew, cliff, climb, cling, clip, cloak, close, clot, cloth, cloud, clout | |||
| “gl” in the beginning of the word | |||
| → [dl]: glad, glass, glisten, gloom, glove, glow | |||
| [l] in the middle of the word isn’t pronounced | |||
| Western | Eastern | ||
| Already shoulder [’∫a:d∂r] | |||
| the Middle/Eastern | |||
| [l] is often → [ ]: bill [bı’ ] tool [tu’ ] nibble [nı’b ] milk [mı’ k] silk [sı’ k] | |||
... to the needs of the community, serving each without imprisoning either. This is what makes sociolinguistics as a science so important. In this book, though, we shall focus our attention on territorial modifications of English pronunciation viewing them as an object of sociolinguistic study.2. The main part 2.1 Spread of English It is common knowledge that over 300 million people now speak ...
... /j/ occurs after the consonants other than /s/, it still remains the dominant form in RP, e.g. enthusiasm, news, student. [Parashchuk: 2005] Chapter 2. British English as a standard of pronunciation in Great Britain British English or UK English or English English (BrE, BE), is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used ...
... mean, however, that the grammatical changes were rapid or sudden; nor does it imply that all grammatical features were in a state of perpetual change. Like the development of other linguistic levels, the history of English grammar was a complex evolutionary process made up of stable and changeable constituents. Some grammatical characteristics remained absolutely or relatively stable; others were ...
... contact with the continent. French monks, tradesmen and craftsmen flooded the south-western towns. Much of the middle class was French. The Norman Conquest was one of the greatest event in the history of the English language. Its earliest effect was a drastic change in the linguistic situation. The most immediate consequence of the Norman domination in Britain is to be seen in the wide use of the ...
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