Great Britan has a very good geographical position, as it lies on the crossways of the sea routes from Europe to other parts of the World

4. Great Britan has a very good geographical position, as it lies on the crossways of the sea routes from Europe to other parts of the World.

The sea connects Britain with most European countrys such as:Belgium,

Holland, Denmark, Norway, Russia and some other countrys. The main sea route from Europe to America also passed throught the channel.

5. British climet is miled and damp. It often rains frogs are quit requent espeacially in the West and south-west. The Gulf Stream a warm ocean current warms to seas around the British coast moderating the climet, giving it cold Summers milds winters. The tempirature in winter seldom folls below zero and the field and meadow are green all year round.

"US Congress"

The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of

50 states. Each of which has its own goverment ("state

goverment"). In some ways the United States is like 50 small

countries. Each state has its own governor, its own police and

its own laws. The present constitution was proclaimed in 1787 in

Philadelphia, the President is the head of the whole country and

the goverment and "commandering chief" of the armed forces. He

makes the most important decisions and chooses the ministers, the

members of his cabinet. But the President cannot do just what he

wants. The Congress must agree first. Americans choose a new

president every four years. The residence of the President is the

White House in Washington, the Capital city. The goverment of the

whole country (the Federal goverment) works from Washington, this

is where the Congress is based. The Capitol is the seat of the US

Congress. Congress is the American parliament which consists of 2

chambers. The Senate and the House of Representatives. The first

Congress met in 1789 in New York city. The membership then

consisted of 22 senators and 59 representatives. Today the House

of Representatives has 435 members. Elections to the house take

place every 2 years. There are 100 senators (2 from each state),

they are elected to serve for a period of six years, but every

two years elections to the senate took place when one/third of

its members must be changed or re-elected. Election day is always

in the month of November, on the first Tuesday, after the first

Monday. Americans who aren't yet 25 years old have no right to be

elected to the House of Representatives. Whose, who are under 30

can't be elected in the Senate. The main political parties in the

United States of America are the Democratic Party and the

Republlican Party.

"Business Trips"

Never before in the history of the world have businessmen traveled

so much as they do today. It is not surprising because we are

living in a world of growing international trade and expanding

economic and technical cooperation. Fascinating though it is for

tourist travelling, however, has become the most tiring of all

the occupations for many businessmen and experts. Choosing a

comfortable hotel to stay at is, therefore, a matter of some

importance. There are plently of good hotels, motels, and guest

houses, in the world, conviently located for major business

centers. Many developing countries, such as India, Egypt,

Nigeria, Lybia, etc have excellent hotels. Their numerous

facilities include both: large and small cocktail barber's shops

and conference halls, equipped with simultaneous, multilingual

translation systems. There are parking areas which can accomodate

a lot of cars. It might be useful for travelling businessmen and

tourists to know that tailor shops, shoe repair shops and

laundry, dry cleaning services are available for guests. People

in the office help guests to book train or steamer tickets and

rent a car. They are also ready to give all necessary information.

Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air as it is

the fastest means of travelling. Passengers are requested to

arrive at the airport 2 hours before departure time on

international flights and an hour on domestic flights as there

must be enough time to complete the necessary airport

formalities. Passengers must register their tickets, weigh in and

register the luggage. Most airlines have at least 2 classes of

travel: first class and economy class which is cheaper. Each

passenger of more than 2 years of age has a free luggage

allowance. Generally this limit is 20kg for economic class

passenger and 30kg for first class passenger. Excess luggage must

be paid for except for some articles that can be carried free of

charge. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at

geparture gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the

plane. Watch the electric sign flashes when you are on board,

when the "Fasten Seat Belts" sign goes on do it promptly and also

obey the "No Smoking" signal. Do not forget your personal effects

when leaving the plane.

"Customs and Traditions"

There are many customs and traditions in England. And I would

like to tell you some of them. First tradition is called "Wrong

side of the bed" When people are bad tempered we say that they

must have got out of bed on the wrong side. Originally, it was

meant quiet literally. People belive that the way they rose in

the morning affected their behaivor throughout the day. The wrong

side of the bed was the left side. The left always having been

linked with evil. Second custom is called "Blowing out the

candles" The custom of having candles on birthday cakes goes back

to the ancient Greeks. Worshippers of Artemis, godess of the moon

and hunting, used to place honey cakes on the altars of her

temples on her birthday. The cakes were round like the full moon

and lit with tapers. This custom was next recorded in the middle

ages when German peasants lit tapers on birthday cakes, the

number lit indicating the person's age, plus an extra one to

represent the light of life. From earliest days burning tapers

had been endoued with mystical significance and it was belived

that when blown out they had the power to grant a secret wish and

ensure a happy year ahead. And the last tradition I would like to

tell you is called "The 5th of November" On the 5th of November

in almost every otwn and village in England you will see fire

burning, fireworks, cracking and lighting up the sky. You will

see too small groups of children pulling round in a home made

cart, a figure that looks something like a man but consists of an

old suit of clothes, stuffed with straw. The children will sing:"

Remember, remember the 5th of November; Gun powder, treason and

plot". And they will ask passers-by for "a penny for the Guy" But

the children with "the Guy" are not likely to know who or what

day they are celebrating. They have done this more or less every

5th of November since 1605. At that time James the First was on

the throne. He was hated with many people especialy the Roman

catholics against whom many sever laws had been passed. A number

of catholics chief of whom was Robert Catesby determined to kill

the King and his ministers by blowing up the house of Parliament

with gunpowder. To help them in this they got Guy Fawker, a

soldier of fortune, who would do the actual work. The day fixed

for attempt was the 5th of November, the day on which the

Parliament was to open. But one of the consperators had several

friends in the parliament and he didn't want them to die. So he

wrote a letter to Lord Monteagle begging him to make some excuse

to be absent from parliament if he valued his life. Lord

Monteagle took the letter hurrily to the King. Guards were sent

at once to examine the cellars of the house of Parliament. And

there they found Guy Fawker about to fire a trail of gunpowder.

He was tortured and hanged, Catesby was killed, resisting arrest

in his own house. In memory of that day bonfires are still

lighted, fireworks shoot across the November sky and figures of

Guy Fawker are burnt in the streets.

Customs and traditions of english speaking countries.

Every country and every nation has it's own traditions and customs.It's very important to know traditions and customs of different people. It will help you to know more about the history and life of different nations and countries.One cannot speak about England without speaking about it's traditions and customs .They are very important in the life of English people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are six public holidays a year in G.B.. Cristmas day is one of their favorite holidays.It's celebrated on the 25-th of december. There are some traditions connected with it.One of them is to give presents to each other.It is not only children and members of family.It's a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All these cards are brightly and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B.,especially London, are decorated with coloured lights and cristmas trees. On Trafalgar Square, in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from the people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet high. Many families celebrate cristmas day in the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas presents in their stockings.The traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding.Other great holidays are:FatherТs day,MotherТs day,Helloween and other.

"Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)"

Thomas Jefferson one of the American President of the past was

born in Virginia in 1743. When he was 14 years old, his father

died and the young boy was left to choose for himself what to do.

Jefferson studied literature and languages. He also studied to be

a lawyer, and later he wrote many of the Virginia laws. One of

the laws for which he worked very much was a law to allow many

child to go to school free. Schools in America were only for the

children whose parents were rich. When Jefferson was still a

young man he was one of those who wanted freedom from England.

His most outstanding archivment was as chief author of the

Declaration of Independence, a statement of human rights and

liberties. It was read to the happy people on the 4th of July,