3.1 The gerund and the infinitive
With a number of verbs and word-groups both the gerund and the infinitive may be used. The most important of them are: to be afraid, to begin, to cease, to continue, can (cannot) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to intend, to like (to dislike), to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember, to recollect, to start, to stop.
The young man began turning aver the pages of a book. – Молодой человек начал переворачивать страницы книги.
At length she began to speak softly. – Наконец она начала говорить мягко.
She continued standing near the piano. – Она продолжала стоять у пианино.
She continued to look at him… – Она продолжала смотреть на него…
It is sometimes possible to find a reason for the use of a given form. With some verbs and word-groups, such as to be afraid, to forget, to hate, to like, to prefer the infinitive is mostly used with reference to a special occasion, the gerund being more appropriate to a general statement.
The child was afraid of remaining alone, but he was afraid of to remain along or such a stormy night. – Ребенок не боялся остаться один в такую бурную ночь.
Don’t forget shutting the windows when you leave home. – Не забывай закрывать окна, уходя из дому.
I don’t like interrupting people. – Я не люблю отрывать людей от дела.
I don’t like to interrupt him, he seems very busy. – Мне не хочется мешать ему, он, кажется, очень занят.
I was always afraid losing his goodwill. – Я всегда боялся потерять его расположение.
Gwen olden answered rather pettishly, and her mamma was afraid to say more. – Гвендолен ответила несколько раздраженно, и ее мыть побоялась продолжать разговор (15, 179).
With the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and the gerund to the past.
1) I shall always remember meeting you for the first time (= remember what one has done, or what has happened). – Я всегда буду помнить, как мы встретились впервые.
Remember to go to the post office, won’t you? (= Remember what you have to do). – Не забудь зайти на почту.
2) To forget.
I shall never forget seeing the Queen. – Я никогда не забуду, как я видел королеву.
She is always forgetting to give me my letters. – Она всегда забывает отдавать мне мои письма.
3) To stop.
I really must stop smoking (= stop what one is doing, or does). – Мне действительно нужно прекратить курить.
Every half hour I stop work to smoke a cigarette (= make a break or pause in order o do something). – Каждые полчаса я прерываю работу, чтобы покурить.
4) To go on + Ving.
How long do to intend to go on playing those records? – Как долго ты намереваешься слушать эти пластинки?
to go on + Inf.
He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. – Он поприветствовал новых студентов и приступил к объявлению правил колледжа.
5) To regret + Ving.
I don’t regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her. - Я не сожалею, что сказал ей том, что думаю, даже если это огорчило ее.
To regret + Inf.
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. – Я сожалею, но должен сообщить вам, что мы не можем принять вас на работу (5, 160).
3.2 The gerund and the participle
In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not present any difficulty.
Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in the function of a subject, object and predicative. In the function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may be used, but the gerund in these functions always proceeded by a preposition.
There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not perform the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table etc.
If we have participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing girl (a girl who dances), a singing child etc.
However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing machine, may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts(34 – 35).
3.3 The gerund and the verbal noun
The gerund should not be confused with the verbal noun, which has the same suffix -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal noun are as follows.
1) Like all the verbals the gerund has a double character - nominal and verbal. – The verbal noun has only a nominal character.
2) The gerund is not used with an article. – The verbal noun may be used with an article.
The making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of bureaucrats. – Совершение нового человечества не может быть привилегией пригоршни бюрократов.
I want you to give my hair a good brushing. – Я хочу, чтобы ты хорошо причесала мои волосы.
3) The gerund has no plural form. – The verbal noun may be used in the plural.
Our likings are regulated by our circumstances. – Наши совпадения во вкусах зависят от обстоятельств.
4) The gerund of a transitive verb takes a direct object.
He received more and more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. – Он поучал все больше и больше писем, так много, что он бросил их читать. – A verbal noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the preposition of. Meanwhile Gwendolyn was rallying her nerves to the reading of the paper. – А тем временем Гвендолен действовала ей на нервы читая бумагу.
5) The gerund may be modified by an adverb.
Drinking, even temperately, was a sin. – Даже выпивка по праздникам считается грехом. – The verbal noun may be modified by an adjective. Tom took a good scolding about scolding Sid. – Тома хорошо поругали за то, что он побил камнями Сида.
Not having the verbal meanings, the verbal noun doesn’t have the form of tenses and doesn’t express any voice. After the verbal noun the direct object can’t exist.
They started the loading of the ship. – Они приступили к погрузке судна.
NOTE. – One should notice that the noun is formed not from all verbs due to suffix -ing. The noun can be formed by other methods:
To manufacture – производить; | Manufacture – производство; |
To produce – производить; | Production – производство; |
To sell – продавать; | Sale – продажа; |
To ship – отгружать; | Shipment – отгрузка (9, 262). |
Section 4 Comparison of the English gerund and its equivalents in Russian
I’ve analyzed the gerund in Russian translations of the book by C.S. Lewis “The Silver Chair” (19), and “The Lion, the Which and the Wardrobe” (20).
I’ve found the translation of these books by Shaposhnikova and Ostrovskaya. These books are under the edition of N.Trauberg (19; 20). One can see that the authors of the translation used a free technique of translation without paying any attention to the grammar and Russian equivalents. At first I’d like to consider the translation of the gerund, which is rendered by other Russian parts of speech (21; 22). There are:
Without speaking – молчание,
for looking while – победил,
for not liking – не любит,
she couldn’t help thinking – ей казалось.
Let nothing turn your mind from following the sights! – Не забывай о знаках!
like being in an airplane – напоминал самолет.
The sound of waves breaking on the store was growing louder – Звуки прибоя становились громче.
telling – узнать,
No one suggested doing anything. – Никто не говорил, что делать дальше.
she began groping with their feet – стояла изо всех сил,
buzzing – шепчут.
It’s worse than coming back and finding him dead. – Лучше бы мне знать, что он умер.
opening – отверстие,
saying – послышалось,
trying – учить,
without delivery – не успела,
knowing – запоминание,
looking - отправились,
talking of going to a party – речь шла о гостях,
on saying – заметил,
after changing – другим,
resting on – положил,
sleeping – лечь,
stop beating – не остановилась,
talking of archers – о стрелах,
for being able to shoot – научился стрелять,
walking – поехали,
there is no denying – спору нет,
there was no mistaking – были уверены,
saying – спросил,
without thinking –припомнить,
for not knowing – не помнить,
without knocking - не удариться,
climbing down – по ступеням,
began making tour – стали бежать
he had to keep on pretending-с трудом удержался
looking at-вытаращила глаза
without meaning-не трогать
talking again-вспоминать
vanishing-замечать
feeling-хватать
of finding-выходить
stepping out-оказываться
trying on sound-словно
by jeering-смеяться
getting-брать
of getting-попадать
going-перелетела
of being smooth-не ровняй
bringing-стукать
for keeping-позволять
there was nothing stirring-кругом ни движения
wondering-задал вопрос
before leaving-убежал
thinking-хотелось
bringing-в руках
hearing-разбирать
saying-молчали
on using-тереть
(19, 4 – 121; 20, 5 – 20; 22, 4 – 65; 21, 4 – 35).
One can see a big difference between the gerund and Russian equivalents. The thing is that the translator cannot find a direct way to render what C.S.Lewis meant by these gerunds. The translator should see the meaning of words between lines. There is no gerund in Russian and, maybe, it was case for the translator to say like that. But if the translator followed the grammar, the awkward translation would be.
The gerunds, which the translator couldn’t translate:
barging,
telling,
at believing,
dancing,
trying,
of getting,
from gong,
learning,
hearing,
struggling,
vibrating,
without warning,
seeing,
being,
wondering,
talking in,
from drinking,
being carried,
before going on,
from bringing,
of finding,
ringing,
for making,
shifting,
at finding,
of catching,
panting,
mistaking,
purling,
boo-hoeing ,
for keeping,
on remembering,
etching,
for shopping,
of coming,
on getting,
of sitting,
beginning,
on standing,
coming in,
eagling,
waiting,
groping
being
talking
leading
looking out
seeing
being
wondering
talking in
from drinking
being carried
before going on
from bringing
of finding
ringing
pushing
of feeling
wondering
blinking in
feeling
sobbing
jumping out
tapping
putting
pulling
nesting
forgetting
groping
driving
hanging down
flying up
champing
blowing
holding out
shining
of trying
looking at
rising
looking round
for getting
talking about
turning to
talking off
beginning to
minding
trailing round
stamping
pretending
stamping
stooping
about having
without noticing
including
holding
fishing
for caring
looking for
on thinking
of going
about being
keeping
crossing
saying
bounding back
of scrambling
puffing
panting
feeling
looking
running
trying
eating
drinking
passing
on doing
(19, 4 – 121; 20, 4 –77).
The translator has ignored these gerunds because she couldn’t reproduce Lewis’ idea and analogues of the English gerund in Russian.
The gerund as Infinitive
Sucking up – подлизываться,
believing – поверить,
interrupting – перебивать,
teaching – учиться,
getting away – убегать,
roaring – рычать,
snoring – фыркать,
getting – добираться,
going away – отходить,
getting to bed – ложиться спать,
ducking – начинать,
waiting – ждать,
gliding away – уползать,
sleeping – спать,
finding – находить,
meeting – встречать,
looking – смотреть,
of having a hot bath – принимать ванну,
repeating – повторять,
reaching – добираться,
getting – налаживать,
opening – открывать,
telling – говорить,
escaping – убегать,
asking – спрашивать,
running – бежать,
slitting – скользить.
do stop grumbling-перестань ворчать
talking-беседовать
of eating-есть
trickling-беседовать
jumping up-вскакивать
do not go on talking like that-перестань так говорить
handing-отдавать
of lulling-усыплять
turning very white-побелеть
beginning-приниматься
without speaking-не говорить ни слова
of crunching-скрипеть
panting for-переводить дыхание
on asking-спрашивать
bathing-купаться
fishing-ловить рыбу
climbing-лазить
lying-валяться
hiding-прятаться
on teasing-подразнивать
hanging up-висеть
on eating- кушать
coming-приходить
standing-стоять
nagging-дразнить
encouraging-поддерживать
before coming out-вы лазить
telling-рассказывать
trying-пробовать
jeering-дразнить
fumbling-нащупывать
sticking-колоть
putting-одеваться
changing-переводить
walking-шагать
harboring-прилегать
fraternizing-брататься
for going back-возвращаться
standing-стоять
on boiling-кипеть
of getting-попадать
knocking-трястись
doing things-действовать
in looking for-искать
of saving-спасаться
talking of-заговорить
telling-рассказывать
knocking-трястись
bundling-одевать
fussing-волноваться
talking-болтать
moving-ходить
helping-помогать
from seeing-видеть
about closing-закрываться
leading-подниматься
The gerund as a finite form of the verb
Talking about – говорила,
shouting out – донеслось,
hoping – надеялись,
tarring – мелькали,
grabbing – вцепился,
singing – пели,
running across – бежали через,
scooping out – зачерпнула,
moving – двигались,
glittering – сверкали,
in blessing – благословлял,
leading – пошла,
beginning – начал,
coughing – покашливал,
ringing – звонил,
ruffling – зашелестели,
speaking – заговорили,
blowing – дух,
sitting – сидел,
fishing – удил,
walking – ходил,
hurtling – пронеслось,
telling – говорила,
loitering down – упали,
throwing – бросал,
no time in turning and leading the way back – не теряя времени
отправились назад,
stumbling – заковылял,
pottering – миновали,
rushing out – бросились,
laughing – смеялись,
looking about – осмотрелась,
coughing – кашлянула,
glancing over – обернулась,
reeling–пошатывалась
handing up-висело
leaving-оставила
falling-падали
coming-приближались
from trailing-волочился
picking up-подбирал
hiding-спряталась
sweeping-неслись
jingling-звенели
cracking-щёлкал
coming out-вырывался
saying nothing-молчал
speaking-сказала
asking-спрашивала
kept on saying-снова отвечал
calling out-кричала
setting-завёл
listening to-слушал
interrupting-прерывал
telling -рассказывала
panting-затаились
hanging-висели
leading-двинулся
of comforting-давал приют
holding breaths-затаили дыхание
saying-сказал
looking down-раскинулось
preparing-приготовились
shaking-покачал
plunging-погрузились
falling-идёт
swirling-залепляли
slipping-увязал
skidding-скользил
sliding down-проваливался
barking-обдирал
off thinking-размечтался
sliding off-пробирался
his heart stopped beating-его сердце ушло в пятки
beating-билось
about standing-стояли
picking up-подняла
laying-положила
walking-шли
bundling-вывалились
bringing-захватила
stopping-остановилась
jolting-застревали
on slipping-скользили
looking-смотрел
running- бросился
The gerund as a noun or verbal noun
Scrambling up – карабканье,
blowing – дуновение,
crying – плач,
speaking – голос,
standing – стоять,
sobbing – всхлипывание,
watching – просмотр,
growing – утолщение,
coming – прибытие,
coughing – кашель,
hauling – стон,
blubbering – всхлипывание,
staying – визит,
the idea of having a good time – мысль,
as being kissed – поцелуй,
walking – прогулка.
laughing-смех
walking-путь
feasting-пир
treasure seeking-поиск сокровищ
calling-зов
of cooking-обед
meeting-встреча
there was nothing stirring-кругом ни движения
jeering-проделка
fussing-тревога
Passive Gerund
At being waked again – когда разбудили,
we’re safe from being drowned in the river – чем утонем,
without being seen – незаметно.
The gerund as an attribute
Dazzling – развевающиеся.
of being smooth-не ровный
being nice-ласковее
of flowering-цветущий
in thinking-любопытный
The gerund as деепричастие
Jumping – вспрыгнув
looking up-бросив взгляд
pushing away-поставив
cocking-скосив
THE CONCLUSION
The aim of my paper was the analysis and translation of gerunds. As you see it was difficult for the translator of C.S.Lewis’ book to present us the gerund as it was used in the book. The translator and we don’t know what C.S.Lewis wanted to say using the gerund. Perhaps, he used gerund so because the grammar rules demanded or it was easy to apply the gerund in this or that situation. I would translate the gerund as our translator did because it suited to Russian equivalents, situation, words etc. If the context demands the changes in the translation because it doesn’t sound good in Russian, why not apply the translation, which is far from the original. One shouldn’t abuse a free translation, because the reader might not understand a general or main point of the book.
As you see C.S.Lewis used himself the gerund frequently after the prepositions.
There are only five Passive gerunds in the whole two books.
If the translator followed the rules, the translation should be awkward and in understandable for reader. You know, there is no rule without exception and the translator often used such exceptions.
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