Structure and the basic commodity streams of the international trade at the present stage of development

2.2 Structure and the basic commodity streams of the international trade at the present stage of development

Considering structure of the world trade in the beginning of XXI century, it is possible to see essential changes. The share of the trade of a manufacturing industry has increased with 1/3 up to 3/4, on the foodstuffs and raw material it is necessary about 1/5 commodity circulations. More than 40 % of all modern world export are machines and the equipment.

The commodity structure of the world trade changes under influence of a scientific and technological revolution, a deepening of the international division of labour. Now the share of such kinds of production, as production of a manufacturing industry, machines, the equipment, chemical production, the high technology goods especially quickly grows.

One of quickly developing spheres of the international trade is trade in chemical production.

Consumption of raw material and power resources has increased. However rates of growth of trade in raw material noticeably lag behind the general rates of growth of the world trade.

Active trade in machines and the equipment has generated a number of new services, such as engineering, leasing, consulting, information services.

Export of the electrotechnical and electronic equipment quickly grows. On its share it is necessary more than 25 % of all export of machine-technical production.

The commodity structure of the international trade testifies to a level of economic development of the state.

In 2005, according to WTO, there was a growth of the international commodity circulation more than on 13 % at cost up to a level of 10,4 bln. dollars.

The important role in commodity structure of the world trade is played oil and other fuel goods. The share of fuel raw material has increased up to 16 %. For example, Norway is the third in the world the exporter of oil and gas. The Incorporated Arab Emirates the fourth in the world exporters of oil and gas.

The basic share in the international trade in the goods is occupied with the advanced countries with market economy. The leader of the world trade by the goods are the USA, on 2-nd place the Germany, on 3-rd place the Japan.

The leading countries – exporters of the world are: 1 place - Germany (10 % of the world export); 2 place - USA (9,7 %) and further places are distributed as follows: Japan (6,3 %); China (5,9 %); France, the Great Britain (4,1 %); Netherlands (3,9 %); on 11-th place Hong Kong, and Russia on 17-th place (1,8 %).

The leading countries – importers are: the USA - 16,8 % (1 place); Germany – 7,7 % (2); the Great Britain – 5,3 % (3); Japan – 4,9 % (7); and Russia in the given list occupies 23 place – 1 %.

According to WTO, the largest manufacturer, the exporter and the importer of an industrial output remains the USA. On their share 14 % of the world export and 19 % of import are necessary. The USA is the world's largest pure importer of production of mechanical engineering.

The tendency of the international trade is the increase in volumes of trade between less developed countries.

The share of the countries of the Western Europe in the world export made 32 %. On EU 85 % of export and 77 % of import of the industrial goods are necessary.

The beginning of XXI century was characterized by significant shifts in the external economic sphere of Spain. In 2004 on its share was necessary 4,1 % of the world trade, including 1,9 % on export and 2,2 % on import.

The commodity structure of the Russian export to last years keeps the raw orientation. Dominating positions occupy the fuel and energy goods, black and nonferrous metals and chemical fertilizers.

It is necessary to note, that on structure of the international trade the greatest influence render a scientific and technological revolution, a deepening of the international division of labour. In the world trade growth of chemical production, a manufacturing industry, a machine engineering industry, power resources is observed, that is the precondition for development of new services.

Chapter III. Foreign trade of the Russian Federation

3.1 Features of Russia’s trade at the present stage

The Russian economy has crossed a threshold of a new millenium in a stage of steady economic rise.

According to customs statistics, the foreign trade turnover of Russia in January - June, 2006 has made 199,7 billion dollars. It has increased for 31,8 %, including the countries CIS – 28,7 billion dollars.

The volume of the world trade has increased in January – June, 2006. It is connected to growth of export deliveries of energy carriers and with growth of import increase of internal demand.

It is necessary to note, that, despite of fluctuations of volumes of import and export, invariable positive remains to balance of the international trade.

The active balance of trading balance of Russia has made 86,3 billion dollars and has increased for 19,9 billion dollars. The factor of a covering of import by export has made 252 %. Thus the balance has essentially exceeded import (in 1,5 times).

The high level of balance has provided updating currency reserves of the country. According to Bank of Russia, the international reserve actives of the country for June, 1, 2006 have made 250,6 billion dollars and have increased in comparison with 2005 in 1,7 times.

In the foreign trade of Russia a special place as the largest economic partner occupies the European Union. On its share in January - June, 2006 it was necessary 52,1 % of the Russian commodity circulation.

The basic trading partners in a circulation of Russia were Germany – 10 %, Netherlands – 8,9 %, Italy - 7,5 %, Ukraine – 5,4 %, China – 5,9 %, Turkey – 3,8 %, the USA - 3,4 %, France -3 %, Japan -2,6 %.

The foreign trade turnover of Russia in I half-year 2006 has made 213,5 billion dollars, including export – 144,1 and import – 69,5 billion dollars.

Development of export

The Russian export in January – June, 2006 against January – June, 2005 has increased for 31,3 %. Thus total export has made 143 billion dollars. 84,1 % of a gain of export is received due to growth of contract prices.

Physical volumes of export have increased by 5,0 %. The average export prices have increased for 25,1 %.

The relation of commodity export to gross national product of Russia under the mid-annual exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation has made 41,5 %.

The export quota (a share of export in manufacture) has increased on oil, mineral oil, coal and has decreased on natural gas, a paper newspaper, automobile and to lorries.

The basic trading partners of Russia in export were Netherlands – 11,6 % (in 2005 -10,4 %), Germany – 8,6 (8,8), Italy – 8,8 (8), China – 5,1 (5,3), Turkey – 4,6 (4,4), Poland-3,5 (3,4), the USA – 2,9 % (2,8 %).

The structure of the basic export positions in comparison with the last year practically has not changed and includes the major energy carriers (oil, gas, mineral oil), base metals, jewels, a round wood.

In a fuel and energy complex cost the volume of export of fuel and energy resources has increased for 44,1 %.

The world prices for oil URALS in June, 2006 have made 469,3 dollars for one ton.

In a metallurgical complex cost the volume of export of production in the accounting period has increased for 3,3 %.

In a wood and pulp-and-paper complex in January - June, 2006 the standard item of wood and pulp-and-paper production has increased for 11,8 %.

In a chemical and petrochemical complex cost the volume of export of the basic goods in 2006 has increased for 15,4 %.

In a machine-building complex it has been put on a foreign market of machines, the equipment on 6889,2 million dollars.

Development of import

The Russian import January - June, 2006 has made 56,7 billion dollars and has increased for 33,2 % .The basic trading partners of Russia in import were Germany – 13,4 % (2005 – 13,4 %), Ukraine – 6,6 % (8,3), China – 7,9 % (6,2), Japan – 5,7 % (5,5), the USA – 4,6 (4,9), Italy – 4,1 % (4,3), South Korea – 5,7 % (3,2), France – 3,9 % (3,7), the Great Britain -2,7 % (2,9 %).

Growth of import was provided due to increase in physical volumes of import. In the accounting period the physical volume of import has grown on 28,3 %. The increase in import volumes promoted expansion of internal demand.

The increase in import volumes promoted expansion of internal demand. The real salary of one worker in June, 2006 has raised on 15,2 %, and a turn of retail trade on 13,7 %. In 2006 monetary incomes of the population have made 1417,8 billion roubles.

Real effective strengthening of rouble to foreign currencies in 2006 on 8,4 % promoted import. In the accounting period import of machines, the equipment and vehicles has increased for 48,6 % and has made 26196,4 million dollars.

So, the analysis of growth of the world trade of Russia has shown, that in export activity the volume of export has increased due to contract prices.

In import activity, on the contrary, in the accounting period of 85,1 % - due to physical volumes, and 14,9 % - due to a rise in prices. Really the economy of Russia has shown good rates of economic growth.