Специфика метафорической энантиосемии

2.2. Специфика метафорической энантиосемии.

Основное значение предопределяет появление метафорического значения, служит базой оценочной семантики метафоры. Однако мотивировку некоторых метафорических значений, обоснование их оценочной специфики следует искать в контексте. В условиях контекста оценочность в семантике метафоры может не только сопровождаться интенсификацией, но и подвергаться варьированию. Контекст может нейтрализовать пейоративную и мелиоративную оценку, и наоборот, нейтральная оценка может в контексте трансформироваться в пейоративную или мелиоративную оценку. Источником модификации оценочного значения становится перестройка значения метафоры в контексте. В таких случаях слово, обозначающее некоторый объект действительности, подвергается двухярусному семантическому изменению: происходит актуализация эмоционально-оценочного компонента значения и замена знака данного компонента на противоположный или нейтральный, например:

bitter-ender 1. стойкий, принципиальный человек (+), 2. упрямец (-).

Основными типами модификации оценочной семы метафоры являются окказиональная мелиорация пейоративов и пейорация мелиоративов, что в современной лингвистике носит название энантиосемия (от греч. En – «в», anti – «против», sema – «знак»). Полиассоциативность восприятия привела к возможности рассмотрения какого-либо свойства как в положительном, так и отрицательном смысле.

Энантиосемия является совершенно особым аксиологическим механизмом коммуникации: она отражает единство противоположных, но связанных между собой оценок, их взаимопереход, способность сменять друг друга. В случаях энантиосемии тот или иной знак оценки под влиянием контекста меняется на противоположный, т.е. смена оценочного знака происходит как в направлении пейорации, так и мелиорации.

Значительную роль в возникновении энантиосемии играет ироническое словоупотребление, например:

dabster 1. знаток, специалист (+),

2. неумелый работник, «сапожник», неумеха (-);

book-learned 1. начитанный человек (+),

2. оторванный от жизни (-).

Следует признать ведущую роль эмоций и ассоциаций в оценочной переориентации метафоры. В метафоре происходит семантический сдвиг, связанный с трансформацией эмоциональной оценки. На передний план выступает мотивация смены оценочного знака метафоры – эмоциональное отношение говорящего к объекту оценки. Специфика оценочного компонента значения энантиосемической метафоры состоит в том, что модификация оценочного знака служит цели интенсификации оценочного компонента значения в семантике метафоры. Так, слово «dabster», употребляемое говорящим в качестве высокой похвалы, в ироническом смысле приобретает интенсифицированную пейоративную оценочность.

Сущность метафорической энантиосемии заключается в отклонении от аксиологических стандартов путем различных языковых приемов, например, иронического или саркастического употребления метафор, создающих экспрессию всего оценочного высказывания. Модификация оценочного знака основана на «конфликте» оценочного компонента метафоры с оценочным смыслом контекста, выражающего иронию, сарказм, восхищение. Обращение к коммуникативной ситуации позволяет правильно интерпретировать оценочный характер высказывания в целом и оценочный знак метафоры в частности.

В разговорной речи для выражения положительной эмоциональной реакции субъекта оценки наряду с оценочными существительными и прилагательными, ласкательными словами и т.п. широко используются пейоративные метафоры.

·     She covered my face with kisses… You beautiful brute, she said. (4,28). (beautiful brute – «прекрасное чудовище»).

·     She was really a good-natured old haversack. (42,67). (good-natured old haversack – «добродушная старая кошёлка»).

·     Vesey looked around when Duke waved and said happily, “Hi, you old goat!” – grabbed his ear, pulled him down and whispered. (20,376). (goat – «козёл», «дурень»).

·     It might be their last time together. Already he had half decided hat it had to be. He would free himself from this sweet enslavement. (25,118). (sweet enslavement – «сладостное рабство»).

·     No, Bill, I shall not parachute into Wembley Stadium holding the book in one hand and a microphone in the other. Nor shall I compete with the station announcer by bawling my verses at the Waterloo commuters. The poor devils are only trying to catch their trains. (25,12). (poor devil – «бедняга»).

·     But he’s left the evidence. It’s all there, all laid out for us. Neat little devil, wasn’t he? (25,165). (neat little devil – «аккуратный дьяволенок»).

Энантиосемия в виде пейорации мелиоративов также встречается в речи.

·     “A little bird”, he said archly. (29,176). (little bird – «мелкая сошка»).

·     Poor lamb … he’s such a hell of a gentleman he doesn’t know what to do about it. (29,93). (hell of a gentleman – «чёртов дженльмен»).

·     “I just want to thank you for being such a goddamn prince, that’s all,” I said it in this very sincere voice. (33,83). (goddamn prince – «чёртов принц»).

В устной речи модификация оценочного знака достигается особой интонацией – интонацией восхищения или интонацией сарказма (12,238). Метафорическая энантиосемия широко представлена в коллоквиальной сфере. В условиях непринужденного неофициального общения практически любое слово языка может при соответствующем употреблении стать энантиосемичным – приобрести противоположную оценку.

2.3. Основные структурные типы субстантивной метафоры.

С.М. Мезенин выделяет 3 структурных типа субстантивной метафоры: метафора-предложение, метафора-словосочетание и обособленная метафора (метафора-обращение).

 

Метафора-предложение.

В метафорах-предложениях метафоризирующую функцию выполняют все составляющие высказывания, что делает нереальной всю ситуацию в целом.

Sмет. – Vмет. – Oмет. или (S – V – O)мет.

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

 

1. Stand still, man. You aren’t a jumping bean. (44,205).

2. Her reputation was a prison that she had built round herself. (29,185).

3. The idea is blowing through this state like a storm wind. (24,425).

4. She had acquired reputation of a perfectly virtuous woman, whom the tongue of scandal couldn’t touch. (29,185).

5. - You didn’t try to find out what was wrong with the car?

- There was no time to fuss about under the bonnet. (25,288).

6. - I still feel at home here…

- …It’s a stony soil in which to put down roots. (25,408). – «Я всё равно чувствую себя здесь как дома.» … «Но здесь каменистая почва, чтобы пускать корни.»

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

1. A madman! Got a bee in his bonnet. (9,204).

 

Метафора-словосочетание.

Метафора-словосочетание объединяет как разнофункциональные (глагол и существительное, прилагательное и существительное), так и однофункциональные единицы (приложения, квазитождества, именные атрибутивные группы), где оба компонента выражены именами существительными. На основании выполняемой функции при рассмотрении сочетаемости сказуемого выделяются несколько типов:

 

1. Субъектная метафора Sмет. – V – (O):

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1.That pill is coming to stay here. (18,93).

2. Anthony Martson, a young bull with no nerves and precious little brain. (9,210).

3. There was a surge of sound and the cat’s-eyes momentarily gleamed before, in a rush of wind, the car passed. (25,6). – Она услышала шум, сверкнули фары, мимо промчалась машина.

4. This time the door was open and a swathe of sunlight lay across the red-tiled floor. (25,22).

5. He had supposed … that the façade she presented to the power station of dedicated, humorless efficiency had been carefully constructed to conceal … more complex personality. (25,47).

6. … every spring a bright ribbon of daffodils strained and tossed in the March wind. (25,55).

7. She was … staring with him as the pool of light from torch shone down on that grotesque and mutilated face. (25,108).

8. And then, as the flaming ball rose from the sea, the gears of time slipped, went into reverse. (25,112). – Как только огненный шар поднялся из-за моря, колесо времени тронулось и закрутилось в обратную сторону.

9. The small bush of hair had been pushed under the upper lip, exposing the teeth, and giving the impression of a snarling rabbit. (25,147).

10. The pool of light from his torch shone on the … carpet of pine needles dusted with sand… (25,150).

11. With each gust the tongues of flame roared and hissed… (25,254).

12. She was heavily made up. Two moons of bright rouge adorned each cheek. (25,220).

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

1. “You know my door is always open.” “Open?” David laughed sarcastically. “If Christ himself came into this studio, those three harpies wouldn’t let him in to see you!” (6,286).

2. All I mean is that it’s conceivable – just barely – that some nut could have done this job to the girl with an axe and a saw. (3,102).

3. You fool, Roger, d’you think Cleopatra would have liked what that silly old donkey said of her? (29,188).

4. It appears that the young rip has been taking Julia to night clubs when she ought to have been in bed and asleep. (29,176).

5. … sometimes it seemed that every crack-brain in north-east Norfolk read the PANUP newsletter but that no one else did. (25,35). - … иногда казалось, что листовки общества, выступающего против атомных станций, читали только помешанные на этом, и больше никто.

6. “We’re trying to win over the locals, not antagonize them. Let it go before someone starts a fund to pay for his defense. One martyr on Larksoken headland is enough.” (25,50).

7. Of all murders serial killings were the most frustrating, the most difficult and the chanciest to solve, the investigation carried on under the strain of vociferous public demand that the terrifying unknown devil be caught and exorcized for ever. (25,62).

8. But the twins began quarrelling and she had to hurry upstairs to tell them it wouldn’t be long now, that they mustn’t come out until the witch had gone. (25,135). – Но близнецы начали ссориться и ей пришлось бежать наверх сказать, что им недолго осталось сидеть в комнате, что эта ведьма скоро уйдет.

9. The bastards had nearly got him in the end, but he had lived life on his own terms… (25,139).

10. There’s a hell of a lot we don’t know, but at least we know that. (25,163).

11. A clutch of chief constables would have been less formidable. (25,196). – Тиски начальников полиции не так страшны.

 

2. Объектная метафора (S) – V – Oмет (объект может быть как прямым, так и косвенным):

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1. You hunt the fox here. (9,134). – Вы выслеживаете здесь лису.

2. She… concluded to cling her soft little claws to Carrie. (13,405).

3. His conduct after that is the conduct of a hunted animal. (9,148).

4. Well, I’ll tell you what I said to the little bird. (29,176).

5. … sky already flushed with the first gold of dawn… (25,111).

6. … a different, more insidious anxiety took over and she felt the first prickings of fear. (25,5.)

7. The door was already closing when he heard running footsteps, a cheerful shout and Manny Cummings leapt in, just avoiding the bite of steal. (25,9).

8. Here a right turn took him off the coastal road on to what was little more than a smoothly macadamed track bordered by water-filled ditches and fringed by a golden haze of reeds, their lumbered heads straining in the wind. (25,17).

9. … and steam from the almost constantly boiling kettle made the caravan a damp mist. (25,31).

10. She had a snub nose with a splatter of freckles. (25,32).

11. The wave retreated to leave its tenuous lip of foam. (25,37).

12. Why didn’t you at least try to resuscitate her, give her the kiss of life? (25,80).

13. He had lain in bed night after night drifting into sleep on a tide of euphoria. (25,110).

14. The door to the … room … where the twins slept was open and she passed through and stood for a moment looking down at the small humps closely curved together under the bedclothes… (25,128).

15. In the frail sunlight the surrounding trees were flushed with the first gold of autumn. (25,143).

16. The small bush of hair had been pushed under the upper lip, exposing the teeth, and giving the impression of a snarling rabbit. (25,147).

17. …and plastic sheeting laid over the path now lit by a string of over-head lights. (25,170). - …и пластиковое заграждение лежало на тропинке, освещенной сверху ниткой фонарей.

18. His mouth opened and she plugged in the teat of the bottle… (25,178).

19. Alex Mair, for all his assurance, … was only a man and if he had killed Hilary Robarts he would end up, as better men that he had done, looking at the sky through iron bars and watching the changing face of the sea only in his dreams. (25,195).

20. The ground with its mat of pine needles on the sand was unlikely to yield footprints… (25,148).

21. … watching the great ball of the sun rise out of the sea to stain the horizon and spread over the eastern sky the veins and arteries of the new day. (25,118).

22. I cannot work, to beg I am ashamed. Luckily the Lord has tempered the wind to his shorn lamb. (25,309). – Я не могу работать, попрошайничать мне стыдно. К счастью, Всевышний смягчился по отношению к своему бедному агнцу.

23. He stood over six foot tall and, with his pail freckled face and thatch of red hair… (25,360).

24. I pictured him desperately working on her, giving her the kiss of life, saw her eyes slowly open. (25,392).

25. She felt a prick of doubt. (25,133).

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

1. …and it’s not reasonable0for anybody to give up business for that freckled cat. (40,358).

2. They are a bunch of grubby little animals always mooning after you. (34,244).

3. I got up to the table, and there’s Caruso sitting with these 6 gorillas, see? (36,103).

4. Not that Mrs. Ascher had been afraid of him – a real tartar she could be when roused. (9,31).

5. How often I called him a silly copy-cat. (18,78).

6. Why should we have the disgrace of harboring such wretches?… Oh, I hate poor. At least, I hate those dirty, drunken, disreputable … pigs. (35,86).

7. When the girls named him an undeserving stigma was cast upon the noble family of swine. (22,180).

8. Dolly’s folks in Blue Mountain are nothing at all but the poorest white trash… (43,245). – Родня Долли в Блю Маунтин никто иначе, как самые последние белые бедняки…(из белого населения).

9. She had to ride with the two old wrinklies. (25,5).

10. He greeted his newest candidate for media fame with a mixture of dogged optimism and slight apprehension, as if knowing that he was faced with a hard nut to crack. (25,12).

11. As an exschoolmistress I should have thought she’d had her fill of children. (25,28). – Поработав директором школы, я бы подумала, что она сыта детьми.

12. Human beings need to find someone to blame both for their misery and for their guilt. Hilary Robarts makes a convenient scapegoat. (25,29).

13. - What home?

- Just a home, before the baby was born.”

- How long were you there?

- Two weeks. Two weeks too bloody many. Then I ran away and found a squat. (25,36).

14. … he was rather desperately keeping his attention on that slut Yvonne. (44,70).

15. I’ve married a tailor’s dummy. (29,60).

16. Soon he would smell the first sour tang of winter. (25,115).

17. You … made her life a bloody misery… (25,134).

18. The witch’s voice was cool. (25,135).

19. We’re going to be dealing with intelligent suspects. I don’t want a balls-up at the beginning of the case. (25,171).

20. It was the best thing I’ve ever done in my life and that bitch destroyed it. (25,191).

21. But would she have told him a lie which could be detected merely by consulting the telephone directory? Only if she were so confident of her dominance, of his enslavement to her. (25,251).

22. After the pathologist had left he had turned to the nearest PC and said: “For God’s sake, can’t we get this thing out of there?” (25,280). – После ухода патологоанатома он повернулся к ближайшему полицейскому и сказал: «Ради бога, разве нельзя убрать отсюда это (тело)?»

23. He could still react physically to the memory of it, feel the tightening of the stomach muscles, the hot serge of anger. … He should have looked the arrogant bastard in the face and spoken the truth, even if it had cost him his stripes. (25,280).

24. You’re obviously grubbing about for all the dirt you can find. I’d rather you had facts from me than rumours from other people. (25,296). – Похоже, вы откапываете всю грязь, какую найдете. Я бы предпочёл, чтобы вы получали информацию от меня, а не людские домыслы.

25. - Did she ever speak about the encounter, to you or to anyone else you know? …

- I think she regarded it as too valuable a piece of information to cast before the swine. (25,298).

26. With luck you can take a dozen or so poor sods with you, people who can cope with living, who don’t want to die. (25,366).

27. Rickards isn’t a brute. (25,385).

28. She could see Miss Mortimer’s mouth moving… She saw again those restless blobs of flesh… (25,395).

29. We’re calling her Stella Louise. Louise is after Susie’s mother. We may as well make the old trout happy. (25,397). – Мы назовем её Стелла-Луиза. Луиза – в честь матери Сьюзи. Заодно осчастливим старую клячу

Метафоры положительной оценки (мелиоративные метафоры).

1. Tom Hartigan sat down awkwardly and looked with some awe at what he called in his own mind “One of the big wigs”. (9,117). – Том Хартиган неуклюже сел и с трепетом посмотрел на человека, которого про себя он называл «большой парик».

2. There was something of the panther about him altogether. A beast of prey – pleasant to the eye. (9,173).

3. Hurstwood could not keep his eyes from Carrie. She seemed the one ray of sunshine. (13,277).

4. She renewed me, she made me a flower. (24,64).

5. As usual the American buyers got the plums of the collection. (5,98).

6. She is grand like royalty. I married a princess. (15,22).

7. As she drew nearer with quickening step she could see the swathe of long blond hair under a tight-fitting beret. (25, 6).

8. He was grateful when the door opened and Nora Gurney, the firm’s cookery editor, came briskly in, reminding him as always did of an intelligent insect. (25,14).

9. He had seen her a bright exotic flower. (25,32).

10. The stark overhead lights threw deep shadows under the deep-set eyes and the sweat glistened on the wide, rather knobbly forehead with its swathe of fair undisciplined hair. (25,45).

11. She … had a mane of fair hair beneath a tight-fitting beret. (25,72).

12. She slept always with her window open and would drift into sleep soothed by that distant murmur (of the sea). (25,107).

13. But lying there beside her, listening to the susurration of the tide and looking up at the sky through a haze of grasses he was filled … with an agreeable languor… (25,113).

14. “You’d think so, wouldn’t you? I’d like it, she’d like it, but there’s a little problem of Sue’s ma. She doesn’t want her ewe-lamb mixed up with any unpleasantness, particularly murder, and particularly just now. (25,257).

15. After tonight the kitchen might never be home to her again. (25,380).

 

3. Адвербиальная метафора S – V – (O) – Aмет:

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1. That hundred guineas was just Mr. Owen’s little bit of cheese to get me into the trap along with the rest of you. (9,223).

2. To the west his eyes could travel along the narrow road between the reed beds and the dykes. (25,58).

3. … I’ve always been able to believe that at the heart of the Universe there is love. (25,106).

4. … the moon glimpsed fitfully, sailing in a majestic splendour above the high spires of the trees… (25,140).

5. … the cloud moved from the face of the moon… (25,147).

6. The pool of light from his torch shone on the … carpet of pine needles dusted with sand… (25,150).

7. Theresa wrenched her mind through clogging layers of sleep to the familiar morning sounds… (25,177).

8. But when she picked up the pan of milk her hands were shaking so violently that she knew she wouldn’t be able to pour it into the narrow neck of the bottle. (25,178).

9. She saw every detail with a keener eye; the motes of dust dancing in the swathe of sunlight which fell across the stone floor… (25,123).

10. She was short and very thin with strait red-gold hair, …falling in a gleaming helmet to her shoulders. (25,323). – Она была невысокая и очень худая, с прямыми золотисто-рыжими волосами до плеч, …которые блестели как шлем.

11. She was short and very thin with strait red-gold hair, …falling in a gleaming helmet to her shoulders. (25,323). – Она была невысокая и очень худая, с прямыми золотисто-рыжими волосами до плеч, …которые блестели как шлем.

12. She saw in imagination her pale and lifeless body plummeting through the miles of wet darkness to the sea bed, to the … ribs of ancient ships. (25,342).

13. The baby clothes fell in a brightly coloured shower… (25,353).

14. Her hair and clothes were alight and she lay there staring upwards, bathed in tongues of fire. (25,400).

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

1. And after his death it seemed to her that she had walked in darkness like an automaton through a deep and narrow canyon of grief. (25,103).

2. She was a good cook but worked in a perpetual lather of bad temper. (25,120).

3. …hand lying, fingers curved on the sheet and fixed now in its blackening carapace of dried blood… (25,165).

4. When Tobby was happy, no one was more joyous. When he was miserable he went down into his private hell. (25,298).

5. We’re not going back because we can’t. When I recruited you from that London squat I didn’t tell you the truth. (25,335). – Мы не вернемся, потому что не можем. Когда я забрала тебя из того притона в Лондоне, я соврала тебе.

Метафоры положительной оценки (мелиоративные метафоры).

1. I think there are some in Michael’s den. (29,13). – Я думаю, несколько есть в кабинете Майкла.

4. Предикативная метафора имеет широкое распространение в речи в идентифицирующей структуре N + связка + Nмет. Данную форму структурной организации метафоры представляет собой квазитождество.

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1. Their love imprisons me. I am a trapped hare. (27,144).

2. That hundred guineas was just Mr. Owen’s little bit of cheese to get me into the trap along with the rest of you. (9,223).

3. They (compliments) were food and drink to him. (29,82).

4. Once again the theatre was her only refuge. (29,219).

5. I noticed that the pupils of her eyes were pin-points. (9,90).

6. Who is your date? (32,52). – С кем ты встречаешься?

7. - Who is that tall bird?

- I tell you he’s just a radical bastard. (21,166).

8. As always she had left it until the last minute to leave the disco and the floor was still a packed, gyrating mass of bodies. (25,1).

9. That’s been done. It’s old hat. (25,12). – Это уже было. Это старый трюк.

10. That visit could have been the last straw. (25,261).

 

Метафоры отрицательной оценки. (пейоративные метафоры).

1. Don’t be an ass. (9,275).

2. I’ll be a babbling baboon. (20,77).

3. Though I knew that he was not informidable, I knew also that he was a bit of a humbug and a bit of a clown. (37,36).

4. The place is a pig-sty. (29,49).

5. But man was a ridiculous animal anyway. (9,31).

6. “…Wilmer’s rather an old goose…” (17,40).

7. Go outside, all of you, or you’ll be a lot of sweeps. (40,25).

8. You are a pure evil. (41,163).

9. This is a hungry, vicious, ungrateful little monster with large ambitions. (14,138).

10. You’re just a jelly-fish. (18,281).

11. That child is a pig and a beast. (38,104).

12. I’m a beast, I’m a slut, I’m just a bloody bitch. I’m rotten through and through. (29,223).

13. The public are a lot of jackasses. (29,221).

14. I was rather a muff at the letter. (40,87).

15. - You know, I’m not a squealer, Harry.

- You are a rummy. But no matter how rum dumb you get. (9,54).

16. He told himself. “Man, you just a big black bugger.” He kept referring to himself as black, which, of course, he was, Lou thought, but it was not the thing to say. (38,139).

17. What do you want to go and hamper yourself with a man who’ll always be a millstone round your neck? (29,51).

18. - Who is that tall bird?

- I tell you he’s just a radical bastard. (21,166).

19. His face was a picture of red ferocity. (25,26).

20. … a superfluous man however unattractive or stupid was acceptable; a superfluous woman, however witty and well-informed, a social embarrassment.” (25,53).

21. They’re the devil, these serial murders. (25,63).

22. Horror and death were his trade… (25,82).

23. She’d be a disaster. (25,98).

24. But Father can be remarkably obstinate when he thinks he knows what he wants and Mother is a putty in his hands. (25,102).

25. That caravan is in direct line of my bedroom windows. It’s an eyesore. (25,116).

26. She moved up under the highest arch of all where the great eastern window had once shone in an imagined miracle of coloured glass. Now it was an empty eye. (25,130).

27. My God, you’re evil, aren’t you? (25,135).

28. You should see the Mother. She’s a right bitch, that one…” (25,168).

29. Then we discover that they’re monsters and decide … to classify them as mad. (25,168).

30. - When did we last get rain? Late on Saturday night, wasn’t it?

- About eleven. It was over by midnight but it was a heavy shower. (25,171).

31. He had no real evidence that Oliphant was a bully. (25,172).

32. Murdered and mutilated bodies are your trade, of course. (25,211).

33. The last thing he said was: “She was an evil bitch and I’m glad she’s dead.” (25,260).

34. A man who cannot feed himself on nearly three pounds a day must either be lacking in initiative or be the slave of inordinate desires. (25,308).

35. Most tramps are pitiful because they are the slaves of their own passions, usually drink. (25,308).

36. In contrast to the skin’s unpainted fragility her mouth was a thin gash of garish crimson. (25,323).

37. Amy said angrily: “Who is he? Who is that creep?” (25,334).

 

Метафоры положительной оценки (мелиоративные метафоры).

1. Then Jenny had been the projection of his love, a flower, a sweetness, the very breath of spring. (10,143).

2. Embedded in the mud, glistening green and gold and black, was a butterfly, very beautiful, and very dead. (33,78).

3. You’re a young panther, a lion cub. (26,123).

4. His wife is a jewel. (8,13).

5. There was a peach from west Oakland. (26,371).

6. “Marsland’s rather an old duck…” (17,40).

7. All I want is my little bird. (3,78).

8. Best woman in the world. Absolutely – Caesar’s wife! (9,186).

9. She was the flower of the family. (5,98).

10. He is a little treasure, isn’t he? (11,254).

11. She is a pure gold. (5,145).

12. “It was only that I thought you looked really ill, in a state of collapse. The shock … It’s quite amazing. You are quite a frail.” These words gave her courage. She was ready to be seen as a frail. (12,37).

13. She is an angel, is she not? (9,88).

14. Oh, she was a daisy. (2,174).

15. The caravan had been a stroke of luck. (25, 34).

16. … and the dark eyes, which when he was animated took on a fierce, almost manic gleam, in repose were pools of puzzled endurance. (25,60).

17. It was as if all the petty preoccupations of the flesh were washed away and she was a disembodied spirit floating free. (25,141).

18. Her assistant, Shirley Coles, was a newly appointed junior, a pretty 18-year-old who lived in the village… She was a pleasant child, anxious to please and responsive to friendliness. (25,245).

19. He had reached that time of life when he would occasionally indulge in an idealized picture of a wife waiting at home, …a child who would be his stake in the future, someone to work for. (25,273). – Он уже был в том возрасте, когда начинают мечтать о жене, которая бы ждала дома, …о ребенке, на которого возложит все свои надежды, для которого будет работать.

 

5. Субстантивный дериват  Nмет. of N или N’s N

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1. He was a bean-pole of 6 feet, 3 inches. (40,158).

2. … watching the great ball of the sun rise out of the sea to stain the horizon and spread over the eastern sky the veins and arteries of the new day. (25,118).

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

1. And in my opinion a wild beast is neither more nor less than what that old devil of a husband of hers is. (9,32).

2. When they asked him to have a luncheon with them which was cooked and served by a scarecrow of a woman whom they called Evie. (29,92).

3. What a white bloodless ghost of a woman! (9,169).

4. I’ve had‘em all – including that pig of a husband of yours. (31,11.)

5. It had been a fairly commonplace murder, a henpecked husband at the end of his tether who had taken a hatchet to his virago of a wife. (25,34).

6. Препозитивные и постпозитивные метафоры-приложения

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1.And it wasn’t only the absence of Susie, the heavily pregnant ghost in the opposite chair. (25,347). – И дело не только в отсутствии Сьюзи, «глубоко» беременного призрака в соседнем кресле.

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

1. I have life in my body, this dead tree. (43,304).

2. In recent weeks he had been visited by the nagging guilt of a duty unfulfilled, almost a spirit unpropitiated. (25,142).

3. I couldn’t make myself touch him. But I didn’t need to. I knew that he was dead. He looked very small, disjointed, a rag doll. (25,270).

4. And that poor devil, the Norfolk Whistler, he’s not poetic either presumably. (25,270).

 

Метафоры положительной оценки (мелиоративные метафоры).

1. Wonderful hoe they know weather, these old salts. (9,224).

2. Perhaps Alex Mair should take her as a patron of his power station, a quasi-saint of rationality. (25,88). – Возможно, Алексу Мэару и следовало взять её начальником на свою электростанцию, эту полубогиню рациональности.

3. Charles had visited his father last summer, a golden-bronzed, hefty-legged, sun-bleached giant. (25,138).

 Структурно обособленная метафора широко представлена в речи в форме обращения или номинативного предложения. Nмет.

Обращение выполняет ряд функций: призывной (аппелятивной), идентифицирующей и оценочной. Таким образом, метафора в форме обращения выражает не только призыв к адресату и его идентификацию, но и его оценку со стороны субъекта оценки.

 

Метафоры нейтральной оценки.

1. She noticed at once they were not of very good quality, poor lamb, he had not been able to bring himself to spring to that. (29,33).

2. Poor lamb… he’s such a hell of a gentleman he doesn’t know what to do about it. (29,93).

3. Control your tongue, poult. (40,35).

4. Trot along, chicks, and have your tea. (16,245). – Идите дети, пейте чай.

5. Now it was late afternoon and the headland lay enriched by the mellow afternoon light, the sea, a wide expanse of wrinkled blue with a painter’s stroke of purple, laid on the horizon. (25,58).

6. And then, on the verge of sleep, she was crashing with him through the bushes of that dreadful wood. (25,108).

7. He said: “This is Hilary Robarts’s personnel file. …it merely gives the background information; age, places of education, degrees, career… The dry bones of a life. (25,196).

8. It came out when were talking to one of the junior staff, a local girl who works at the establishment department. Chatty little thing. (25,258).

9. Pascoe, …was working like a demented demon, his eyes white saucers in his blackened face, his arms and naked chest glistening with sweat. (25,353).

 

Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).

 

1. I stood there and listened and out side the window there was another laugh. The city. The monster. (39,85).

2. You shut up your trap, you old cow, said Julia, who could be very vulgar when she chose. (29,83).

3. You rotten old eunuch, what do you know about love? (29,50).

4. You old cow. How dare you interfere with my private concerns? (29,176).

5. Pompous old ass. (23,81).

6. You filthy pig. (29,189).

7. You smug hypocritical swine! (4,117).

8. You damn crock. Damn crock. Goddamn crock. (21,51).

9. They killed a dame and tried to frame me for it. They are figuring us all for suckers and don’t give a hand who gets hurt. The slobs. The miserable slobs. (39,29).

10. The pink white rat! I’m looking for him. (22,178).

11. You devil, you swine, you filthy low-down cad. (29,48).

12. Monkey! Stop making faces. (19,23).

13. You men! You filthy dirty pigs. You’re all the same, all of you. Pigs! Pigs! (28,83).

14. You bloody rats! You’re nothing more. (1,341).

15. Silly old cow, she thought. (25,1).

16. He’s a man, not a force of nature. (25,151).

17. Rickards said: “Neville Potter, aged 36. Scrawny little sod. (25,165).

18. He stood for a moment appalled: “But we weren’t! you’re asking me to lie. This is a murder investigation. It’s terribly dangerous to lie to the police, they always find out.” He knew what he must sound like, a frightened child, petulant, reluctant to take part in a dangerous game. (25,183).

19. He heard again his mother-in-law’s voice: “Yes, a bit of a rough diamond, I’m afraid, but he’s really very able… (25,275).

20. . She had been lying naked among the bottles, the pills, the half-eaten food, an obscene putrefying lump of flesh… (25,279).

21. “Bloody cheek!” complained Oliphant. (25,291). – «Вот наглец!» - с досадой сказал Олифант.

22. Cold fish, wasn’t he? (25,206).

23. Rickards said: “Arrogant bastard, isn’t he? … No point in trying to explain anything to the police.” (25,300).

24. You bloody bitch! (25,339).

25. Dirty-minded little devil. (25,350).

Метафоры положительной оценки (мелиоративные метафоры).

 

1. Kitten, it sure does, and that I go for. (39,30).

2. That’s a new twist for you, rosebud.(39,33).

3. She looked so deliciously yielding, a ripe peach waiting to be picked, that it seemed inevitable that he should kiss her. (29,240).

4. Wonderful animal, the good servant. (9,219).

5. Sweet peg … my honey, my bunny, my duck, my dear! (1,40).

6. You know your ammunition, angel. (7,264).

7. Now sit down, duckie, and I’ll give you a drop of Scotch to pull you together. (29,49).

8. Oh, my little duck! Stop crying. (30,59).

9. He remembered that secluded place …, at the bottom of the shrubbery, the green tunnel of leaves… (25,160).

10. He never thrives in kennels, do you, my treasure? (25,327).

2.4. Выводы.

Исследование аксиологического статуса метафоры приводит нас к следующим выводам:

1. В семантике метафор, подвергнутых анализу, представлены характерологический, кондициональный, экстернальный, социокультурный и демографический критерии оценки, причем первые три представлены наиболее широко.

2. В контексте оценочный компонент значения в семантике метафоры может подвергаться варьированию. Основными типами модификации оценочной семы метафоры являются окказиональная мелиорация пейоративов и пейорация мелиоративов. Метафорическая энантиосемия широко представлена прежде всего в коллоквиальной сфере, в основном, в ироническом или саркастическом контексте.

3. При анализе основных структурных типов субстантивной метафоры выявилось, что большая часть метафор представлена метафорами-словосочетаниями. Во всех структурных типах доминирует пейоративная оценочность.

Глава 3

Прагматическая специфика метафоры в речи.