Specific features of English, Uzbek and German Compounds
The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer, such as: distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis
The Criteria of Compounds
Motivation in Compound words
Verb + verb = сотиб олмоқ, чиқариб олмоқ, ютиб олмоқ
Compound words and free word groups
Diachronic approach to compound words
Навигация
Specific features of English, Uzbek and German Compounds
Comparative Analysis of the Compound Words
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2.1.1 Specific features of English, Uzbek and German Compounds
A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.
Examples by word class
| Modifier | Head | Compound |
| noun | noun | wall paper |
| adjective | noun | black board |
| verb | noun | break water |
| preposition | noun | under world |
| noun | adjective | snow white |
| adjective | adjective | blue – green |
| verb | adjective | tumbledown |
| preposition | adjective | over – ripe |
| noun | verb | browbeat |
| adjective | verb | highlight |
| verb | verb | freeze – dry |
| preposition | verb | undercut |
| noun | preposition | love – in |
| adjective | preposition | forth with |
| verb | preposition | take out |
| preposition | preposition | without |
1) Since Uzbek is a mostly analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by concatenating words without case markers. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long. However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains blanks.
For example in German there are a lot of long compounds with more than three words: die Bewußtseinserziehung
- воспитание сознательность
achtzehnhundertzwölf – 1812
On the contrary Uzbek compounds are short compounds.
Ex: кўзойнак, атиргул, бўтакўз, тоққайчи.
The way of forming Uzbek and English short compounds are the same, while German is not included to this group. There are three ways of forming short compounds
1. The solid or closed form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consists of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are; housewife, lawsuit, and wallpaper.
Uzbek examples are: сувилон, тоғолча, гултувак.
This rule is also relevant to German compounds.
These are examples: Kraftwerk, die Kinderbibliothek.
2. The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house – builder and single – mind (ed) (ness) but if these words are written in Uzbek they will be written without hyphen: single – mindedness – ҳурфикрлилик.
As well as adjective - adjective compounds and verb – verb compounds, such as blue – green and freeze – dry, are often hyphenated. Some Uzbek verb – verb compounds are also hyphenated: сотиб - олди, бориб - келди.
But in German there is no hyphenated compound.
In addition to it there are some verb – verb compounds in German: kennenlernen, bleibenstehe.
Compounds that contain particles, such as mother – of – pearl and salt – and – pepper, mother – in – law, merry – go – round, are also hyphenated. But in German such kinds of particles are written together: Vergissmichnicht – forget – me – not – не забудка.
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