Specific features of English, Uzbek and German Compounds
The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer, such as: distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis
The Criteria of Compounds
Motivation in Compound words
Verb + verb = сотиб олмоқ, чиқариб олмоқ, ютиб олмоқ
Compound words and free word groups
Diachronic approach to compound words
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Diachronic approach to compound words
Comparative Analysis of the Compound Words
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2.5 Diachronic approach to compound words
Like all other linguistic phenomena compounding may be approached synchronically and diachronically. If a synchronic treatment concentrates on structural and semantic features relevant for productive patterning of compound words, the diachronic treatment is concerned with the various changes compound words undergo in the course of time and the way compound words appear in the language. Once a compound has been formed it is subject to all the phonological changes affecting English polysyllabic words. Various changes in the phonetic structure and stress pattern of compound words may result in a number of changes in its morphemic structure. The separate morphemes in a compound may become fused or even lost altogether; the meanings of the components may also fuse in the course of time into a newer meaning or become forgotten. As a result of this process, known as the process of simplification, compound words may undergo such radical changes that they may be even transformed into derived or simple words.[1]
Productive types of compound nouns Table 3
| Free Phrases | Compound Nouns | ||
| Compounds Proper | Derivational Compounds | Pattern | |
|
1. the reducer of price
to shake 4. the shake of hands hands | 1. price-reducer 2. price-reducing 3. price-reduction 4. hand-shake |
[n + (v+- er)]
[n+ -ing)]
[n+(v+--tion/ -ment)]
[n + (v+ conversion) ] | |
| B. Verb-Adverb Phrases to break down to cast away to run away | a break-down a castaway a runaway | [(v+ adv) + conversion ] | |
| C. Nominal Phrases 1. a tray or ashes 2. the neck of the bottle 3. a house in the country; a chair with arms 4. a ship run by steam 5. the doctor is a woman 6. a fish resembling a sword | 1. ash-tray 2. bottle-neck 3. country-house; arm-chair 4. steamship 5. woman-doctor 6. sword-fish |
[n2 + n1] | |
A. Verbal-Nominal Phrases
to reduce 2. the reducing of prices 
prices 3. the reduction of pricesThere are many words in Modem English that do not in any way differ from the bulk of simple words and yet have undergone the process of simplification and may be traced back to their original compound structure.
Ways of Forming Compounds. Sources of Compounds
The actual process of building compound words may take different forms:
1) Compound words a rule are built spontaneously after productive distributional formulas of the given period. Formulas productive at one time may lose their productivity at another period. Thus at one time the process of building verbs by compounding adverbial and verbal stems was productive, and numerous compound verbs like, e, g. outgrow, overturn, overthrow (adv+v), were formed. The structure ceased to be productive and today no verbs are built in this way.
2) Compounds may be the result of a gradual process of semantic isolation and structural fusion of free word-groups. Such compounds as forget-me-not— 'a small plant with blue1 flowers', scarecrow (from an earlier scare-the-crows)—'a figure used to scare birds away from crops', pickpocket (from pick the pocket)—'one who steals from pockets', bridesmaid—'an unmarried woman attending the bride at a wedding', bull's-eye—'the centre of a target; a kind of hard, globular candy", mainland—'a continent' all go back to free phrases which became semantically and structurally isolated in the course of time. The words that once made up these phrases have lost, within these particular formations, their integrity, their part-of-speech meaning and the whole phrase has become isolated in form, specialized in meaning and thus turned into an inseparable unit—a word acquiring semantic and morphological unity.
Most of the syntactic compound nouns of the (a+n) structure, e. g. bluebell, blackboard, mad-doctor, are the result of such semantic and structural isolation of free word-groups; to give but one more example—highway was once actually a high way for it was raised above the surrounding countryside for better drainage and ease of travel. Now we use highway without any idea of the original sense of the first element.1
Productive types of compound adjectives Table 3
| Free Phrases | Compound Adjectives | |||
| Compounds Proper | Derivational Compounds | Pattern | Semantic Relations | |
| A. as white as snow | 1. snow-white | — | n+a | Relations of resemblance |
| B. free from carp; rich in oil; greedy for power; tired of pleasure | 2. care-free oil-rich power-greedy pleasure-tired | — | n+a | Various adverbial relations |
| C. covered with snow; bound by duty | 3. snow-covered duty -bound | — |
n +Ved | Instrumental (or agentive relations) |
| D. two days | 4. (a) two-day (beard) (a) seven-year (plan) | — | num + n | Quantitative relations |
| E. with (having) long, legs |
— | 5. long-legged | (a+ n) + +ed | Possessive relations |
Conclusion
Modern English is very rich in Compound words. Compound words are made up by joining two or more stems.
Ex: taxi-driver, in German Weltoffenheit, in Uzbek кунгабоқар.
A compound word has a single semantic structure. We distinguish the meaning of the compound words from the combined lexical meaning of its components. Ex: “pencil-case” is a case for pencils. A change in the order of components of compound words brings a change in the lexical meaning.
Ex: life-boat – “a boat of special construction for saving lives. Boat-life – life on board of a ship.
Compound words are classified into completely motivated partially motivated and non-motivated compound words”.
In completely motivated compound words the lexical meaning of compounds is easily deduced from the lexical meanings of the stems.
Ex: book-case, door-handle.
German Lesesaal.
The compound words “a flower-bed, walk-up are partially motivated compounds because we can guess their meaning partially”. The compounds in which the connection between the meaning and structure and the meanings of components of compounds can not seen from the meaning of its components are called non-motivated compound words. Ex: wall-flower – a woman who remains at wall and is not invited to a dance.
Uzbek and German compounds don’t have non-motivation. Compound words may be classified from the functional point of view or according to their belonging to different parts of speech.
Many of English and German compounds belong to nouns and adjectives while Uzbek compounds belong to nouns, adjectives and verbs:
Noun: looking-glass, armchair, homework.
Arbeitkleidung, Naturwissenschaft (German).
хонтахта, сувилон (Uzbek).
Adjective: hard-working, well-behaved, dry-drink.
hell – grün, weltbekannt.
ҳаво ранг, халқаро, меҳнатсевар.
Adverb: indoors, within, outside.
аллаким, шу ерда, у ерда.
From the point of view how the components are joined together the compound words may be classified into: a) components whose components are joined with a die Entwicklungsländer, der Landbau.
This is also one of the criteria of distinguishing of compounds from word groups.
Like other linguistic phenomena we may approach to the study of compounds synchronically and diachronically. Synchronically we study the structural and semantic patterns of compound words while diachronically we study the various changes compound words undergone on the course of time and the way compound words appear in the language.
Bibliography
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2. Buranov J.B, Muminov A.A. Practical Course in English Lexicology. T. “Ukituvchi” 1990. p. 54.
3. Arnold I. V. The English Word. M. “BШ”. 1973. р. 60.
4. Berezin F.M. Lectures on Linguistics. M. Higher school Publishing House. 1969. p. 95.
5. Гинзбург Р.З. и др. Лексикология английского языка. М. 1979.
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8. Смирницкий Лексикология английского языка. М. 1956. стр. 33.
9. Хидекель С.С. Лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Л. 1969.
10. Glipson G.B. Fast ideas for Busy Teachers. USA. Good Apple. 1989. p. 36.
11. Ирисқулов М. Тилшуносликка кириш. Т. Ўқитувчи. 1992. 111 б
12. Канцельсон С.Д. Содержание слова, значение и обозначение. М. 1965.
13. Ярцева В.Н. Историческая морфология английского языка. М. 1960.
14 Х. Қ. Қаршибоев Битирув малакавий ишларни бажариш ва ҳимоя қилишга доир услубий кўрсатмалар. Гулистон 2003.
15. Журнал.
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17. E. Nida. Morphology University of Michigan. Press. 1976.
18. Т.М. Беляева «Вопросы английского языка в синхронии и диахронии». Л. 1967. стр. 89.
19. Мюллер. В.К. «Англо – Русский словарь» М. 1962.
20. The World Book Encyclopedia. USA. 1994. №. G.G. Volume p/ 905/
21. М. Эшниёзова Қўшма сўз Микросинтагматик муносататига доир. 2004. №1 24-26 бб
22. Internet. Khan M.A. Liggt. Privacy Policy. Terms of Use. www.amjbot.org. 2003. № 90 р
23. Internet: http://www.wikipedia.com/English/compounds/.htm
24. Internet: http://www mpsttu.ru/works/english lexicology/ htm
25. Internet:http://www.yahoo.com/english/.htm
1 Ўзбек тилининг имло луғати 1976 й.
2 “Сўзнинг морфологик вариантлари” Р. Шукуров. 1990 й.
1 See ‘Word - Formation’, § 17.
1 For conventional symbols see ‘Word - Formation’, § 8.
1 Prof. A. I. Smirnitsky as far back as the late forties pointed out rigid parallelism existing between free word – groups and derivational compound adjectives which he termed “grammatical compounds".
2 See ‘Word-Groups and Morphological Units’, § 3.
1 Adjectival-nominal word-groups is a conventional term of this type of word-groups.
[1] For illustration of historical development of the morphemic structure of compounds see ‘Word-Structure’, § 5.
1 The example is borrowed from A. Sheard, The Words We Use. Andre Deutsch, London, 1962.
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