Verb + verb = сотиб олмоқ, чиқариб олмоқ, ютиб олмоқ

2.  Verb + verb = сотиб олмоқ, чиқариб олмоқ, ютиб олмоқ.

Some verbs such as ўқиб чиқди, кўриб бўлди, бошлаб юборди are not compound verbs in speech. They have no a new lexical meaning.

Verbs which are considered compound , may not be a compound verb in English and German:

муҳокама қилмоқ – to discuss (simple verb)

ғолиб бўлмоқ – to win

In German the main word of compound verb is the second word, but modifying one will be:

·  Noun:

teilnehmen - қатнашмоқ

rad fahren - велосипедда учмоқ

·  Adjective:

fertigmachen-tayorlamoq, oxiragacha bajarmoq.

festhalten - ushlamoq.

leichtfallen - oson bo`lmoq

·  Verb: kennenlernen - знакомитъся.

2.3.4 Classification of compound Words Based on Correlation

·  According to the type of correlation all productive types of compound words may be classified into four major classes:

1. Adjectival-nominal compounds comprise four subgroups of compound adjectives-three of them are proper and one derivational, they are built after the following formulas and patterns:

·  a, b) the n+a formula, e. g. snow-white, colour-blind, journey-tired correlative; with word-groups of the A + as+N,. A +prp+N type, e. g. white as snow, blind to colours, tired of journey. The structure is polysemantic;

·  c) the s+ved formula, e g. fear-stained, duty-bound, wind-driven correlated with word-groups of the type Ved with/by+N, e. g. stained with tears, bound by duty, etc. The distributional formula is monosemantic and is based on the instrumental relations between the components;

·  d) num+n formula, e. g. (a) two-day (beard), (a) seven-year (plan), (a) forty-hour (week) correlative with Num + N type of phrases, e. g. two days, seven years, etc. Adjectives of this subgroup are used only attributively;

·  e) the (a+n) + -ed pattern of derivational compounds, e. g. long-legged, low-ceilinged. This structure includes two more variants; the first member of the first component may be a numeral stem or a noun-stem (num+n) +-ed, (n+n) +-ed, e. g. one-sided, three-cornered, doll-faced, bell-shaped. Compounds of this subgroup are correlative with phrases of the type—with (having) + A+N, with (having) + Num+N, with (having)+N+N (or N+of+N), e. g. with (or having) a low ceiling, with (or having) one side, with (or having) three corners, with (or having) a doll face for with (or having) the face of a doll, with (or having) the shape of a bell.

·  The system of productive types of compound adjectives may be presented as follows (table 2).

2. Verbal-nominal compounds belong to compound nouns. They may all be described through one general distributional structure n+n_v, i. e. a combination of a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem. This formula includes four patterns differing in the character of the deverbal noun-stern. They are all based on verbal-nominal word-groups, built after the formula V+N or V+prp+N:

·  a) [n+v+-er)] pattern, e. g. bottle-opener, stage-manager, baby-sitter, peace-fighter, is monosemantic and is based on agcntive relations that can be interpreted as 'one who does smth';

·  b) [n+ (v+-ing)] pattern, e. g, rocket-flying, stage-managing, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';

c) [n+ (v+tion/-ment)] pattern, e. g. price-reduction, office-management, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';

d) compound nouns with the structure n+(v+ conversion), i, e. a combination of – a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem resulting from conversion, e. g. wage-art, dog-bite, chimney-sweep. The pattern is monosemantic.

3. V e r b a l v e r b compounds are a11 derivational compound nouns built after one formal n [(v+adv)+conversion] and correlative with phrases of the V+Adv type, a. g. a break-down from (to) break down, a hold-up from (to): hold up, a lay-out from (to) lay out. The pattern is polysemantic and is circumscribed by the manifold semantic relations typical of conversion pairs.1

4. Nominal compounds are all nouns built after the most polysemantic distributional formula (n+n); both stems are in most cases simple, e. g. pencil-case, windmill, horse-race. Compounds of this class correlate with nominal word-groups mostly characterized by the N+prp+N structure.

Table 3 shows the system of productive types of compound nouns of these three structural classes.

2.3.5 Distributional formulas of Subordinative Compounds

The internal structure of subordinative compounds is marked by a specific pattern of order and arrangement in which the stems follow one another. The order in which the stems are placed within a compound is rigidly fixed in Modern English as the structural centre of the word is always its second component. Stems of almost every part of speech are found in compounds but they are combined to make up compound words according to a set of rigid rules for every part of speech. The choice of stems and the rules of their arrangement and order are known as distributional or structural formulas and patterns of compound words.

As to the order of components subordinative compound words may be classified into two groups:

a)  Syntactic compounds whose components are placed in the order that resembles the order of words in free phrases arranged according to the rules of syntax of Modern English.

The order of the stems in compounds, e.g. bluebell, slowcoach, mad – doctor (a+n) reminds one of the order and arrangement of the corresponding words in phrases like a blue bell, a slow coach, a mad doctor (A+N); compounds like, e.g. know – nothing, kill-joy, tell-tale made up on the formula v+n resemble the arrangement of words in phrases like (to) kill joy, (to) know nothing, (to) tell tales (V+N); the order of components in compounds consisting of two noun – stems door-handle, day-time (n+n) resembles the order of words in nominal phrases with the attributive function of the first noun as in stone wall, spring time, peace movement, etc. (N+N).

b)  Asyntactic compounds whose stems are not placed in the order in which the corresponding words can be brought together under the rules of syntax of the language. For example it is universally known that in free phrases adjectives cannot be modified by adjectives, noun modifiers cannot be placed before adjectives or participles, ye t this kind of asyntactic arrangement of stems is typical of compounds among which we find combinations of two adjective stems, e.g. red-hot, bluish-black, pale-blue; words made up of noun – stems placed before adjective or participle stems, e.g. oil-rich, tear-stained, etc.

Both syntactic and asyntactic compound words in each part of speech should be described in terms of their distributional formulas. For example, compound adjectives are mostly formed of noun, adjective or participle stems according to the formulas n+a, e.g. oil-rich, world-wide; n+ved1 , e.g. snow-covered, home-grown; a+a, e.g. pale-green, red-hot, etc.

Borderline between compound words and free word-groups

Compound words as inseparable vocabulary units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics are generally clearly distinguished from and often opposed to free word-groups. Their inseparability finds expression in the unity of their structural, phonetic and graphic integrity.

Chapter IV

Похожие работы

Modern English Word-Formation

Скачать

71869

1

0

... way he interprets words like income, onlooker, outhouse qualifying them as compounds with locative particles as first elements. R. S. Ginzburg[24] states there are about 51 prefixes in the system of Modern English word-formation. Unlike suffixation, which is usually more closely bound up with the paradigm of a certain part of speech, prefixation is considered to be more neutral in this ...

Regional variation of pronunciation in the south-west of England

Скачать

122793

3

2

... . The pronunciation may seem rough and harsh, but is the same as that used by the forefathers; consequently it must not be considered barbarous. The other countries of England differ from the vernacular by a depraved pronunciation. Awareness of regional variation in England is evident from the fourteenth century, seen in the observation of such writers as Higden/Trevisa or William Caxton and in ...

Classification and comparative analysis of English negative affixes

Скачать

41429

0

0

... types of morphemes. The latter can be studied from the point of view of two complementary analyses.   2. The semantics of the affixes and their comparative analysis affix negative morpheme semantic The first step in our studying English negative affixes is to give a definition of the affix itself. Here is a definition given in Oxford Advanced Lerner’s Dictionary of Current English. Affix is a ...

The Borrowed Words Process Development in English

Скачать

74600

0

0

... of this language and changes in its synonymic groups. It has been mentioned that when borrowed words were identical in meaning with those already in English the adopted word very often displaced the native word. In most cases, however, the borrowed words and synonymous native words (or words borrowed earlier) remained in the language, becoming more or less differentiated in meaning and use. As a ...