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7. Precautions
Due to its alkaline tarnish, lithium metal is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact. Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds (which are often alkaline) initially irritate the nose and throat, while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. The metal itself is a handling hazard because of the caustic hydroxide produced when it is in contact with moisture. Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as naphtha.[66]
Figure. 6. Lithium ingots with a thin layer of black oxide tarnish
7.1 Regulation
Some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries, which are the most readily available source of lithium metal for ordinary consumers. Lithium can be used to reduce pseudoephedrine and ephedrine to methamphetamine in the Birch reduction method, which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous ammonia.
Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation (particularly aircraft) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when short-circuited, leading to overheating and possible explosion in a process called thermal runaway. Most consumer lithium batteries have thermal overload protection built-in to prevent this type of incident, or their design inherently limits short-circuit currents. Internal shorts have been known to develop due to manufacturing defects or damage to batteries that can lead to spontaneous thermal runaway.[67]
8. Conclusion
As an individual representative of the periodic table of chemical elements Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, the element has unique chemical and physical properties
Element is of great economic importance and plays a major role in world culture
9. References
1. Fraser Cain (16th Aug 2006). "Why Old Stars Seem to Lack Lithium". http://www.universetoday.com/2006/08/16/why-old-stars-seem-to-lack-lithium/.
2. I.-Juliana Sackmann and Arnold I. Boothroyd (1995). "Lithium Creation In Giant Stars". Proc. of IAU General Assembly "Lithium Joint Discussion 11", ed. F. Spite and R. Pallavicini, Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 66: 403-412. http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~boothroy/lijd11.html.
3. Leonid S. Marochnik, Anwar Shukurov, Igor Yastrzhembsky, (1996). The Milky Way Galaxy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 42–46. ISBN 2881249310. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uRgWHDGpKZIC&printsec=frontcover#PPA42,M1.
4. Takeru Ken Suzuki et al. (2000). "Primordial Lithium Abundance as a Stringent Constraint on the Baryonic Content of the Universe". Astrophysics journal 540: 99–103. doi:10.1086/309337.
5. a b File:Binding energy curve - common isotopes.svg shows binding energies of stable nuclides graphically; the source of the data-set is given in the figure background.
6. Numerical data from: Lodders, Katharina (2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements". The Astrophysical Journal 591: 1220–1247. doi:10.1086/375492. Graphed at File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg
7. Thonnard. "Lithium". Nutritional Supplement Center. http://www.nutritionalsupplementscenter.com/info/HealthSupplement/lithium.html. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
8. a b c d e f g h Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33438-2.
9. Tuoriniemi, J; Juntunen-Nurmilaukas, K; Uusvuori, J; Pentti, E; Salmela, A; Sebedash, A (2007). "Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure.". Nature 447 (7141): 187–9. doi:10.1038/nature05820. PMID 17495921.
10. Struzhkin, Vv; Eremets, Mi; Gan, W; Mao, Hk; Hemley, Rj (2002). "Superconductivity in dense lithium.". Science 298 (5596): 1213–5. doi:10.1126/science.1078535. PMID 12386338.
11. Overhauser, A. W. (1984). "Crystal Structure of Lithium at 4.2 K". Physical Review Letters 53: 64–65. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.64.
12. a b c d "Lithium and lithium compounds". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 2004. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2.
13. Thonnard, Kirchoff; Robert Bunsen. "Chemical Analysis By Observation of Spectra". University of Pittsburgh. http://www.pitt.edu/~alw11/InterestInfo/Articles/Bunsen%20and%20Kirchoff.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
14. ^ "Isotopes of Lithium". Berkeley National Laboratory, The Isotopes Project. http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Li_iso.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
15. Martin Asplund et al. (2006). "Lithium Isotopic Abundances in Metal-poor Halo Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 644: 229. doi:10.1086/503538.
16. Chaussidon, M.; Robert, F.; McKeegan, K.D. (2006). "Li and B isotopic variations in an Allende CAI: Evidence for the in situ decay of short-lived 10Be and for the possible presence of the short−lived nuclide 7Be in the early solar system" (free download pdf). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 (1): 224–245. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.08.016. http://sims.ess.ucla.edu/PDF/Chaussidon_et_al_Geochim%20Cosmochim_2006a.pdf.
17. Denissenkov, P. A.; Weiss, A. (2000). "Episodic lithium production by extra-mixing in red giants". Astronomy and Astrophysics 358: L49–L52. Bibcode: 2000A&A...358L..49D.
18. Seitz, H.M.; Brey, G.P.; Lahaye, Y.; Durali, S.; Weyer, S. (2004). "Lithium isotopic signatures of peridotite xenoliths and isotopic fractionation at high temperature between olivine and pyroxenes". Chemical Geology 212 (1-2): 163–177. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.009.
19. "Petalite Mineral Information". http://www.mindat.org/min-3171.html. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
20. a b c d e f g "Lithium:Historical information". http://www.webelements.com/lithium/history.html. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
21. Weeks, Mary (2003). Discovery of the Elements. Whitefish, Montana, United States: Kessinger Publishing. p. 124. ISBN 0766138720. http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
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