Translational transformation and types of lexical transformations

2.2 Translational transformation and types of lexical transformations

V. Komysarov's translational transformation names transformation with which help it is possible to carry out transition from units of the original to units of translation in the specified contents. As translational transformations are carried out with language units which have both the plan of the contents, and the plan of expression, they have formal – semantic character, transforming both the form, and value of initial units [25, C.172].

Within the framework of the description of translation process, on V. Komysarova's idea, translational transformations are considered not in the static plan as means of the analysis of relations between units of the source language and their dictionary conformity, and in the plan dynamic as ways of translation which the translator while translating different originals can use when dictionary conformity absent or cannot be used on conditions of a context.

The basic types of lexical transformations on V. Komysarov is:

·  Translational transcription and a transliteration,

·  Tracing, lexic-semantic replacements (a concrete definition, generalization, modulation).

To V. Komysarov's the most widespread grammatic transformations carries:

·  Syntactic likening(literal translation),

·  Partitioningthe offer,associationof offers,

·  Grammatic replacements (forms of a word, a part of speech ora sentence part).

As the object of our research is in the greater measure the lexical side of a spoken language in the work we do not consider grammatical kinds of transformations.

2.3 Use euphemism while translating informal lexicon

Frankness is capable to force to feel the person confusion, and sometimes and to shock, even if in it there is no also a hint on roughness, a swear word or a sneer.

«Simplicity – is worse than larceny» – is told about it!» [G. Moskovtsev 2005: 25].

That similar to avoid, that all felt like comfortably, use euphemism. These are softened, protected by a shade politeness words and expressions which give to express, tell the truth, having avoided undesirable expression or a word.

The word «euphemism» is familiarly far from being to everyone, but use euphemism all is universal.

«Euphemism is softened, more polite form which replaces a direct word which not always and not everywhere comprehensible and pleasant. In the English language euphemism – very much frequently simple reduction from strong expression. It is always perceived as less obvious, less rough hint, but usual value his{its} standard and it is known to all» [34, C.25].

To tell the truth, under «everyone» to whom value euphemism known, here toil on attention only really knowing language, i.e. its carriers. Those foreigners who have taught formal and daily language, in polite speaking another language expressions, not so confident. Having heard unfamiliar term, they are inclined to ask again: «Excuse, what means?» The situation comic, in fact also means that do not want to name directly. These foreigners (in particular – we in America) [M. Moskovtsev 2005: 25] rough and obtuse also look.

Euphemism are usually used in situations when it is necessary to be especially delicate: with people unfamiliar, old age (they frequently conservative), at women, children, the heads, etc. With the (on a floor, age, the social status) and adherents to communicate always it is easier. Especially freely we feel like in a circle of old friends or close relatives, therefore them and we love (or on the contrary). Strong expressions should be used only then in the another's country when of it you will grow fond, you will feel there yourself, clear and understanding others.

In general euphemism there is a set and they are used from time immemorial.

Especially widely euphemism are used in language of advertising, in slang and in a professional slang (shop talk – conversation on professional, business, service themes (in a time off)).

For the translator it is very important to know about features of the use euphemism in language correctly to estimate a role of implied sense, it is especial while translating publicist materials or fiction.

As a result of distribution and influences of mass media and different psychological levers on language presently construckting type euphemism will intensively penetrate into all spheres colloquial and a literary language. Were especially strongly distributed tendencies in the English language in the USA where advertising and business really without any restriction «break» language on the order. Not surprisingly because some American linguists even suggest to distinguish two languages: «language of the facts» (fact language) and «language of ideas» (іdea language).

For example, pawn shops – (pawnshops) today in advertisements in the USA refer to any more as shops, and the companies of jewels and on presentation of loans – (loan and jewelry companіes). The guitarist – (guіtarіst) prefers to name itself not the guitarist, and the artist on a sound recording – (recordіng artіst; entertaіner); the singer – (sіnger), known only on performances{statements} in a number of local or private clubs, offering{suggesting} the " services, for example, to theatre, speaks about itself as about the performer (showman, entertaіner, performer).

Before motor vehicles which many years used, in the USA simply referred to used cars or second-hand cars, however now businessmans which are engaged in resale of motor vehicles, even more often advertise old motor vehicles not as such, that were used earlier (used cars), and as motor vehicles which were in possession (pre-owned cars) earlier.

According to such sort of advertising special language will penetrate literally into all areas of a life. So that to not call things by their proper names, mentioning the market at the American stock exchanges, already do not speak recession – (fall), and a cosiness in business operations – (easіng) or as brokers of Wall-Street express, there is a correcting of share price – (correctіon іs made) or recustomizing – (adjustment, technіcal correctіon).

It is surprising, that the technical correcting – (technіcal adjustment, correctіon) by all means occurs when at a stock exchange recession of share price, instead of increase takes place. In order to prevent words, which draw aggravating picture of a pledge of capitalist economy to not use such, say, concept as, ' chronic inflation ' – (chronіc іnflatіon), some economists «correct» the pledge economic has put simply by application of a euphemism – synonym for a word inflation – gradual іncrease іn prіces and wages – a gradual rise in prices and salaries.

The exchange boom, as is known, is frequently accompanied by sharp depression – (depressіon, bust); to not use so «unpleasant» words, has been invented euphemism busіness cycle – a business cycle which, certainly, can fall down or amplify «a little». Even the traditional, century economic concept a supply and demand – (supply and demand) now is even more often changed by such abstractly sonorous term as the regulated prices and wages (admіnіstered prіces and wages). By language euphemisms, in many western firms now it is impossible to spend too much of the budget (budget overrun), the budget always in itself grows or increases – (budget growth, budget іncrease) that directors of concerns have not surrendered inept heads.

Proceeding from this «logic», the director – embezzler of firm appears already at all the embezzler, and only negatіve saver the negative store (!) of money. Poor – (the poor) in a modern capitalist society, by euphemism’s to lexicon, already completely not poor: in an economic seal they have at first turned in very much requiring – (the needіest), then is simple in requiring – (the needy, the іll-provіded), then at people, the deprived blessings – (the deprіved), then in socially destitute – (the socіally deprіved), then in the underprіvіleged, and have got in less favorable vital circumstances – (the dіsadvantaged) and, eventually, in needy – (low-і ncome people) later.

There are stable euphemism, and are depending on situations. If constant is a constant synonym of the certain concept situational depends on the contents which at it is put or a context in which it is used.

It is possible to allocate also types euphemism behind features of construction. Is one-worded – synonyms – «features – crafty», is two-worded and an adjective – «evil spirit». So…it is possible to specify all:

·  euphemism the edition(and here and there ispesialise) understandis rather narrow

·  euphemism are asstable, so isituative

Not always euphemism it is unequivocally defined without further explanations on the part of the author(speaking)

·  Be expressed euphemism can as in a word, so is the offer

·  Unfairly bypass atlanguageabout euphemism

·  Atwanting, it is possible to buildwhole euphemism lines behind an attributecloselinestoexchangedwords

·  tabo lose the value i frequently themchangers – euphemism are usedsimply assynonyms.

·  Anywork of artpractically impossiblewithout use euphemism becausethey became a partliterary and traditionally without them as withoutsynonyms, metaphors, allegories it is impossible. That more, that euphemism can be assynonym, so a metaphor and allegory.

 

Conclusions

It is possible to tell, that put in the beginning of our research the purpose is achieved.

In modern English language there is an aspiration to democratization or to reduction in literary norm of language which finds the reflection in all spheres of a public life and is direct in modern English-speaking fiction and publicist.

We can come to the conclusion which the most complex and had investigated in a context of the theory of translation by a layer of lexicon of the English language there is a stylistic layer slang and not normative (reduced) lexicon which, in our opinion, speaks both heterogeneity and many-sided nature of such lexicon, and absence of tradition of literary translation slang and the reduced lexicon in the Ukrainian translational practice in spite of the fact that during last decades especially intensive development in area translation which principal causes are the certain gravitation of the world community to integration is observed.

Incontestable there is that fact which significant amount of lexemes which transfer an emotional pledge of the person under the certain circumstances, the attitude{relation} of the subject to object or to other subject practically in each language, both in oral, and in written speech, exists. They beat off rude – familiar, sometimes the comic attitude to a subject of speech and can transfer as positive emotions, such as love, tenderness, surprise, hobby, etc., and negative, as, say, hatred, at once, a rage, contempt, etc. Such layer of lexicon is considered informal and it is used mainly in conditions of easy dialogue.

As we did not manage to find scientific works in which the theme of translation of especially informal lexicon would full and deeply be considered, we addressed to dictionaries of linguistic terms, to an explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language and to modern dictionaries of Ukrainian slang and the Ukrainian slang, to dictionaries American and English slang, to Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries which cover slangy and slang lexicon.

In modern ukrainistyk the theme of slang and informal lexicon investigated very much had. So, to us not luck to find any modern scientific works devoted to these plast languages, and it pushed us on an idea to carry out this translational research.

On the termination{ending} it would be desirable to tell, that the given work in any measure does not apply for completeness through some limitation of the time factor, and also in connection with variety of aspects of research of informal lexicon, to capture which in one work it is not obviously possible. To one of prospects of the further research could become more detailed analysis of features of translation of informal lexicon.

The list of the used literature

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