Навигация
7.3 Biological Containment
The biological containment of recombinant phages is an important aspect from the point of view of ethics and eventual biohazards. It is desirable that cloning vectors and recombinants have poor survival in the natural environment and require special laboratory conditions for their replication and survival. According to Blattner, the lytic phages offer a natural advantage in this respect since the phage and the sensitive bacteria coexist only briefly. A newly inserted segment may not be compatible with E. coli metabolism for extended periods. To make the phage vectors more safe, three amber mutations were introduced in its genome. The new vector Xgt WES XC is safer because an amber suppressor host strain is a very rare occurrence in the natural environment. Many vectors carry one of the amber mutations on the genome so that they can be propagated only on an appropriate suppressor host.
8. Phage vectors
Many phage vectors have been constructed in the recent past, each with its own special features. There is no universal lambda vector which can fulfill all the desired objectives of the cloning experiments.
The choice of a vector depends mainly on
- the size of a DNA fragment to be inserted,
- the restriction enzymes to be used,
- the necessity for expression of the cloned fragment,
- the method of screening to be used to select the desired clones.
Bacteriophage lambda vectors can be broadly classified into two types:
1. replacement vectors ,
2. insertion vectors.
Figure 7. Lambda Phage genome
8.1 Replacement Vectors
Taking advantage of the maximum and minimum genome size essential for efficient packaging and the presence of the nonessential central fragment, it is possible to remove the stuffer fragment and replace it with a foreign DNA fragment in the desired size range. This forms the basis of lambdaderived replacement vectors.
Cloning of a foreign DNA in these vectors involves
· preparation of left and right arms by physical elimination of the nonessential region,
· ligation of the foreign DNA fragment between the arms,
· in vitro packaging and infection.
The replacement vectors contain a pair of restriction sites to excise the central stuffer fragments, which can be replaced by a desired DNA sequence with compatible ends. The presence of identical sites within the stuffer fragment but not in the arms facilitates the separation of the arms and the stuffer on density gradient centrifugation. In many vectors, sets of such sites are provided on attached polylinkers so that an insert can be easily excised. Two purified arms cannot be packaged despite their being ligated to each other, because they fall short of the minimum length required for packaging. This provides positive selection of recombinants. The replacement vectors are convenient for cloning of large (in some cases up to 24 kbp) DNA fragments and are useful in the construction of genomic libraries of higher eukaryotes. Charon and EMBL are among the popular replacement vectors.
8.2 Insertion Vectors
Because the maximum packagable size of lambda genome is 53 kb, small DNA fragments can be introduced without removal of the nonessential (stuffer) fragment. These vectors are therefore called insertion vectors. Cloning of foreign DNA in these vectors exploits the insertional inactivation of the biological function, which differentiates recombinants from nonrecombinants. Insertion vectors are particularly useful in cloning of small DNA fragments such as cDNA.
AgtlO and Agtll are examples of this type of vector. In recent years a multitude of lambda vectors have been constructed. Many innovative approaches have been used to introduce desired properties into the vectors. The following section deals with the strategies adopted for the construction of some of the commonly used vectors and their salient features, utilities, and limitations.
8.3 Storage of Lambda Stocks
Most of the lambda strains are stable for several years when stored at 4°C in SM buffer containing 0.3% freshly distilled chloroform (94). The master stocks of bacteriophage lambda are kept in 0.7% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide at -70°C for long-term storage. Klinman and Cohen have developed a method for storage of a phage library at -70°C by using top agar containing 30% glycerol.
Conclusion
In my work I determined investigations in Molecular cloning, familiarized with vectors for molecular cloning, summarized the received information and made consequences of scientists researches, defined the main tasks of molecular cloning, and made such conclusions:
1. sequences that permit the propagation of itself in bacteria (or in yeast for YACs) .
2. a cloning site to insert foreign DNA; the most versatile vectors contain a site that can be cut by many restriction enzymes .
3. a method of selecting for bacteria (or yeast for YACs) containing a vector with foreign DNA; uually accomplished by selectable markers for drug resistance .
Cloning vector - a DNA molecule that carries foreign DNA into a host cell, replicates inside a bacterial (or yeast) cell and produces many copies of itself and the foreign DNA .
General Steps of Cloning with Any Vector :
1. prepare the vector and DNA to be cloned by digestion with restriction enzymes to generate complementary ends ;
2. ligate the foreign DNA into the vector with the enzyme DNA ligase;
3. introduce the DNA into bacterial cells (or yeast cells for YACs) by transformation ;
4. select cells containing foreign DNA by screening for selectable markers (usually drug resistance);
Literature
1. Finbar Hayes The Function and Organization of Plasmids// E. coli Plasmid Vectors Methods and Applications.- 2007.- vol.235 – pp. 1-18.
2. Mallory J. A. White and Wade A. Nichols Cosmid Packaging and Infection of E. coli// E. coli Plasmid Vectors Methods and Applications.- 2007.- vol.235 – pp. 67-70
3. Tim S. Poulsen and Hans E. Johnsen BAC End Sequencing // Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes Volume 1: Library Construction, Physical Mapping, and Sequencing.- 2007. – vol.255 - pp.157-162.
4. Andrew Preston Choosing a Cloning Vector// E. coli Plasmid Vectors Methods and Applications.- 2007.- vol.235 – pp. 19-22.
5. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (eds.) (1989) Bacteriophage λvectors, in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 2.3–2.125.
6. Srividya Swaminathan and Shyam K. Sharan Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Engineering// Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes Volume 2 :Functional Studies.- 2007. – vol.256 – pp. 089-106
7. www.Microbiologybytes.com
8. www.wikigenes.org
9. http:// plasmid.hms.harvard.edu
10. www. Bookrags.com/YAC
Похожие работы
... enable the seeds to survive the winter. Overwintering might allow the plant to become a weed or might intensify weedy properties it already possesses. Change in Herbicide Use Patterns Crops genetically engineered to be resistant to chemical herbicides are tightly linked to the use of particular chemical pesticides. Adoption of these crops could therefore lead to changes in the mix of chemical ...
... растений позволит значительно снизить её стоимость (Giddings et al., 2000). В заключение хотелось бы отметить, что несмотря на значительные достижения в области продукции реком-бинантных белков медицинского назначения в растениях, это направление находится лишь на начальном этапе своего развития. Учёные-биотехно-логи уверены, что в будущем рекомбинантные препараты, получаемые из генетически ...
0 комментариев