Financial Planing

Unit 4

Financial planning (like all planning) begins with the establish­ment of goals and objectives. Next, planners must assign costs to these goals and objectives. That is, they must determine how much money is needed to accomplish each one. Finally, financial planners must identify available sources of financing and decide which to use. In the process, they must make sure that financing needs are realistic and that sufficient funding is available to meet those needs.

THREE STEPS OF FINANCIAL PLANNING

1. Establishing Organizational Goals and Objectives. Es­tablishing goals and objectives is an important management task. A goal is an end state that the organization wants to achieve. Ob­jectives are specific statements detailing what the organization intends to accomplish within a certain period of time. If goals and objectives are not specific and measurable, they cannot be trans­lated into costs, and financial planning cannot proceed. They must also be realistic. Otherwise, it may be impossible to finance or achieve them.

2. Budgeting for Financial Needs. A budget is a financial statement that projects income and/or expenditures over a speci­fied future period of time. Once planners know what the firm's goals and objectives are for a specific period of time - say, the next calendar year- they can estimate the various costs the firm will incur and the revenues it will receive. By combining these items into a companywide budget, financial planners can deter­mine whether they must seek additional funding from sources out­side the firm.

Usually the budgeting process begins with the construction of individual budgets for sales and for each of the various types of expenses: production, human resources, promotion, administra­tion, and so on. Budgeting accuracy is improved when budgets are first constructed for individual departments and for shorter peri­ods of time. These budgets can easily be combined into a com-

panywide cash budget. In addition, departmental budgets can help managers monitor and evaluate financial performance throughout the period covered by the overall cash budget.

Most firms today use one of two approaches to budgeting. In the traditional approach, each new budget is based on the dollar amounts contained in the budget for the preceding year. These amounts are modified to reflect any revised goals, and managers must justify only new expenditures. The problem with this ap­proach is that it leaves room for the manipulation of budget items to protect the (sometimes selfish) interests of the budgeter or his or her department.

This problem is essentially eliminated through zero-base bud­geting.

Zero-base budgeting is a budgeting approach in which every expense must be justified in every budget. It can dramatically re­duce unnecessary spending. However, some managers feel that zero-base budgeting requires too much time-consuming paper­work.

3. Identifying Sources of Funds. The four primary sources of funds are sales revenue, equity capital, debt capital, and the sale of assets. Future sales generally provide the greatest part of a firm's financing.

Sales revenue is the first type of funding.

The second type of funding is equity capital, which is money received from the sale of shares of ownership in the business. Equity capital is used almost exclusively for long-term financing. Thus it might be used to start a business and to fund expansions or mergers. It would not be considered for short-term financing needs.

The third type of funding is debt capital, which is money ob­tained through loans. Debt capital may be borrowed for either short- or long-term use.

The fourth type of funding is the sale of assets. A firm gener­ally acquires assets because it needs them for its business opera­tions. Therefore, selling assets is a drastic step. However, it may

be a reasonable last resort when neither equity capital nor debt capital can be found. Assets may also be sold when they are no longer needed.

MONITORING AND EVALUATING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

It is important to ensure that financial plans are being imple­mented and to catch minor problems before they become major problems. Accordingly, the financial manager should establish a means of monitoring and evaluating financial performance. Inter­im budgets (weekly, monthly, or quarterly) may be prepared for comparison purposes. These comparisons point up areas that re­quire additional or revised planning.

Exercises

I. Translate into Russian.

Basis of financial management; goal; objective; sources of fi­
nancing; funding; step; important task; financial performance;
budgeting; expenditure; revenue; sales revenue; equity capital;
debt capital; specific period; profit; assets; short-term borrowing;
long-term borrowing; merger; companywide budget; cash budget;
zero-base budgeting; income; source; share of ownership; assign
a cost; justify; meet needs; obtain; implement; modify; establish;
reduce; determine; evaluate. !:

II. Find the English equivalents. \

Финансовый план; бюджет; составление бюджета; налич­ный бюджет; бюджет всей компании; промежуточный бюд­жет; доход (годовой); доход; доход от продаж; заемный капи­тал; работа фирмы; активы; бюджетная статья; расход; ис­точник денежных средств; доля собственности; акционерный капитал; средство; последнее спасительное средство; ради­кальный шаг; финансовая деятельность; определять сто­имость; решать; оценивать; оправдывать; осуществлять; удовлетворять потребности; нести издержки; финансировать; занимать (брать в долг).

III. Fill in the blanks.

1. Financial planning begins with the establishment of ... and

2. A budget is a financial statement that projects ... and/or ... over a specified future period of time.

3. Usually the budgeting process begins with the construction of individual budgets for each of the various types of ... .

4. Budgeting accuracy is improved when budgets are first con­structed for individual ... for shorter periods of time.

5. Departmental budgets can help managers .. . and financial performance throughout the period covered by the overall cash budget.

6. In the traditional approach, each new budget is based on the ... contained in the budget for the .. . year.

7. This approach leaves room for the manipulation of ... ...

to protect the interests of separate departments.

8. Zero-base budgeting is a budgeting approach in which every ... must be justified in every budget.

9. ... ... are the first type of funding.

10. The second type of funding is .......

11. The third type of funding is .......

12. The fourth type of funding is the ... of ....

13. Selling assets is a ... ... .

14. The financial manager should establish a ... of monitoring and ... financial performance.

IV. Translate into English in a written form.

1. Финансовый план—это план получения и использования денег, необходимых для осуществления целей организа­ции.

2. Финансовое планирование начинается с установления ко­нечных целей и поэтапных целей.

3. Бюджет предусматривает доход и расходы за конкрет­ный период времени.

4. Процесс составления бюджета (budgeting) начинается с составления отдельных бюджетов по продажам и по каждому виду расходов.

5. Эти бюджеты легко объединяются в наличный бюджет всей компании.

6. Многие фирмы используют один из двух подходов к пост­роению бюджетов.

7. При традиционном подходе новый бюджет основывается на бюджете за предыдущий год и руководители обосно­вывают только новые расходы.

8. Это оставляет место для манипуляции бюджетными ста­тьями.

9. Эта проблема в основном ликвидируется через бюдже­
тирование нуля. -;••;

10. Четырьмя основными источниками финансирования яв­ляются: доход от продаж, акционерный капитал, заемный капитал и продажа активов.

11. Продажа активов — это последнее спасительное сред­ство.

12. Финансовый руководитель должен обеспечить (establish) средство контроля и оценки финансовой деятельности.

V. Questions and assignments.

1. What is a plan?

2. What is a financial plan?

3. What does financial planning begin with?

4. State the difference between goals and objectives.

5. List the three steps involved in financial planning.

6. In what case financial planning cannot proceed?

7. State the meaning of the word "budget".

8. Give the examples of various types of expenses which must be considered (учтены) in budgeting process?

9. How can budgeting accuracy be improved?

10. What is the peculiarity (особенность) of the traditional ap­proach to budgeting?

11. What is the problem with this approach?

12. What is the difference between the traditional budgeting ap­proach and zero-base budgeting?

13. What is the problem with zero-base budgeting?

14. List the four primary sources of funding.

15. For what purpose (цель) is equity capital used?

16. Is selling assets a normal step?

17. In what case selling assets may be a reasonable last resort?

18. For what purpose may interim budgets be prepared?

VI. Make up a written abstract (краткое изложение) of the text.

VII. Retell the prepared abstract.

Unit 5

Outside Sources of Financing

Financial management consist of all those activities that are concerned with obtaining money and using it effectively. Effective financial management involves careful planning. It begins with a determination of the firm's financial needs.

Money is needed to start a business. Then the income from sales could be used to finance the firm's continuing operations and to provide a profit.

But sales revenue does not generally flow evenly. Income and expenses may very from season to season or from year to year. Temporary financing may be needed when expenses are high or income is low. Then, the need to purchase a new facility or ex­pand an existing facility may require more money than is available within a firm. In these cases the firm must look for outside sourc­es of financing. Usually it is short- or long-term financing.