7.4. Australia

Australia has a specific history. The large territory, inhabited on the boundary of Anno Domini by Aborigines practically did not have any state formations till the discovery of the continent by the Europeans (1606 – the Dutchman Willem Jantz). In fact, the revolutionary stage of the first Australian epochal cycle begins in the middle of the 18th century (1768-1779 – James Cook). The involutionary stage is identified with the war of the European immigrants against the Aborigines in the 19th – the first part of the 20th century. The co-evolutionary stage began in the latter half of the 20th century with the creation of a civilization that has an European identity.

7.5. Antarctica

Antarctica is the sixth continent of the Earth with the area of 50 million square kilometers, being twice more than the area of Australia. It is discovered in 1820 by Bellingshausen and Lazarev, the great Russian navigators. Prior to this moment, the history of the continent remained under the ice cover. The international-legal status of Antarctica is defined by the corresponding treaty of the 1st of December, 1959, which foresees the exploitation of the territory of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only, prohibits declaring the territorial claims in Antarctica, and ensures the freedom of scientific researches under the condition that natural resources be conserved and preserved[59].


CHAPTER 8

National-state (micro) level of analysis
of the history

Having viewed the main points of the scheme of development of epochal cycles at the global (macro) and regional (medi) levels, we focus our attention at the research of historical cycles at the national-state (micro) level, which corresponds to the scale of our research in general.

The criteria for construction of a similar sampling may be the following: various states should be represented, first, countries of all continents, second, countries belonging to various world religions, and, third, countries with the population of at least 8 million persons as of the end of the 1990’s.

According to the criteria given above, the required sampling may be the following:

##

Country

Population (millions)

Religion

The beginning of development

EUROPE

1.    Austria 8.039 Catholicism ХIII century
2.    Belgium 10.190 Catholicism 1830 AD
3.    Bulgaria 8.628 Orthodox 680 AD
4.    Vatican 1 thousand

Center
of Catholicism

750 AD
5.    Great Britain 58.550 Anglicanism VI century
6.    Greece 10.560 Orthodox VIII century BC
7.    Spain 39.220 Catholicism VII century AD
8.    Italy 57.520 Catholicism VIII century BC
9.    Netherlands 15.615 Protestantism ХIV century

Continued

##

Country

Population (millions)

Religion

The beginning of development

10. Germany 83.870 Catholicism, Protestantism. 843 AD
11. Poland 38.915 Catholicism 960 AD
12. Portugal 10.800 Catholicism 1143 AD
13. Russia 150.50 Orthodox 1147 AD
14. Belorussia 10.204 Orthodox, Uniate. ХII century
15. Hungary 9.963 Catholicism 1000 AD
16. Romania 22.260 Orthodox 1859
17. Ukraine 50.500 Orthodox 988 AD
18. France 58.160 Catholicism 843 AD
19.

Czech

Republic

10.320 Catholicism, Protestantism Х century
20. Sweden 8.928 Protestantism IХ century
21. Yugoslavia (Serbia) 10.635 Orthodox, Catholicism, Islam IХ century

ASIA

22. Afghanistan 23.230 Islam ХVIII century
23. Bangladesh 124.17 Islam 1947
24. Vietnam 74.570 Buddhism VI century AD
25. Israel 5.575 Judaism ХI century BC
26. India 961.69 Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism IV century BC
27. Indonesia 208.06 Islam, Catholicism. VI century AD

Continued

##

Country

Population (millions)

Religion

The beginning of development

28. Iraq 21.810 Islam VI century BC
29. Iran 66.820 Islam VI century BC
30. China 1232.310 Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism. ХIV century BC
31. Korea 45.710 + 24.550 Buddhism VI century AD
32. Malaysia 20.770 Islam ХIII century AD
33. Pakistan 133.572 Islam ХII century AD
34. Saudi Arabia 18.835 Islam VI century BC
35. Turkey 63.050 Islam 1071
36. Japan 125.580 Buddhism, Shintoism VI century BC

AFRICA

37. Algeria 29.505 Islam 1711
38. Ethiopia 57.970 Monophysite Christianity V century AD
39. Ghana 17.895 Catholicism III century AD
40. Kenya 29.460 Islam ХIV century AD
41. Nigeria 105.470 Islam ХIV century AD
42. Republic of South Africa 42.120 Catholicism, Islam 1820
AMERICA
43. Canada 28.975 Catholicism 1608 AD

Continued

##

Country

Population (millions)

Religion

The beginning of development

44. Mexico 96.630 Catholicism VI century AD
45. USA 266.890 Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam 1607 AD
46. Argentina 34.845 Catholicism ХVI century AD
47. Brazil 163.640 Catholicism 1500 AD
48. Chile 14.420 Catholicism Х century AD
49. Peru 23.565 Catholicism VI century BC

AUSTRALIA

50. Australia 18.350 Catholicism ХVII century

First of all, we would like to emphasize the existence of the most characteristic peculiarities of the microlevel of development of cycles. Firstly, ethnic differences are becoming more clear, secondly, the chronology is changing since various nations created their political organizations in different times, thirdly, the differences in the number of epochal cycles are defined more clear, which is the consequence, on the one hand, of the historical age of a nation, and, on the other hand, of the intensity of its history.

It is worth to note that the construction of schemes of the development of epochal cycles for all countries of the presented sampling is the subject of a special research. That is why, we only demonstrate the work of our conception by the example of 11 countries, included into the representative research sampling of 50 countries.

Now let us directly examine the scheme of epochal cycles of Vatican, Italy, Germany, Great Britain, France, Ukraine, Russia, Belorussia, China, India, Japan, and the USA, representing the historical advance-guard of Europe, Asia, and America in the sampling presented above.


Информация о работе «Социальное объявление развития \english\»
Раздел: Иностранный язык
Количество знаков с пробелами: 332128
Количество таблиц: 12
Количество изображений: 0

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