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15. Cat. of Case
The case meanings in Eng relate to 1 another in a peculiar, unknown in other lang.s, way: the common case is quite indiff. from the semantic point of view, while the genitive case func.s as a subsidiary element in the morphological system of Eng be cause its semantics is also rendered by the Common Case noun in prepositional collocations & in contact.
In the discussion of the case probl. 4 main views advanced by diff. scholars should be considered: the "theory of positional cases", the "theory of prepositional cases", the "limited case theory", & the "postpositional theory". Acc. to the "theory of positional cases", the Eng noun distinguishes the inflectional genitive case & 4 non-inflectional, purely positional, cases - Nominative, Vocative, Dative, Accusative. The cardinal weak point of this theory lies in the fact that it mixes up the func.al (syntactic) characteristics of the sent. parts & the morphological feat.s of the noun.
The "theory of prepositional cases" regards nounal combinations with the prepositions in certain object & attributive collocations as morphological case forms: the Dative Case (to + N, for + N), the Genitive Case (of + N).
The "limited case theory" recognizes the existence in Eng of a limited case system whose members are the Genitive Case (a strong form) & the Common Case (a weak form).
The "postpositional theory" claims that the Eng noun in the course of its historical development has completely lost the morphological cat. of case; that is why the trad. Genitive Case is treated by its advocates as a combination of a noun with a particle.
Taking into account the advantages of the 2 theories - the "limited case theory" & the "postpositional theory" opens new perspectives in the treatment of the cat. of case. It st&s to reason to regard the element -s I -es as a special case particle. Thus, acc. to the "particle case theory" the 2-case system of the noun is to be recognized in Eng: the Common Case is a direct case, the Genitive Case is an oblique case. As the case opp. does not work with all Ns, from the func.al point of view the Genitive Case is to be regarded as subsidiary to the syntactic system of prepositional phrases.
16. Cat. of Gender
The probl. of gender in Eng is being vigorously disputed. Linguistic scholars as a rule deny the existence of gender in Eng r as a gr. cat. & stress its purely semantic character.' The actual gender distinctions of Ns are not denied by any1; what is disputable is the character of the gender class-tion: whether it is purely semantic or semantico-gr..
In fact, the cat. of gender in Eng is expressed with the help of the obligatory correlation of Ns with the personal proNs of the third person. The third person proNs being specific & obligatory classifiers of Ns, Eng gender distinctions display their gr. nature.
The cat. of gender is based on 2 hierarchically arranged opp.s: the upper opp. is general, it func.s in the whole set of Ns; the lower opp. is partial, it func.s in the subset of person Ns only. As a result of the double opp.al correlation, in Modern Eng a specific system of 3 genders arises: the neuter, the masculine, & the feminine genders.
In Eng there are many person Ns capable of expressing both feminine & masculine genders by way of the pronominal correlation. These Ns comprise a group of the so-called "common' gender" Ns, e.g.: "person", "friend", etc.
In the plural all the gender distinctions are neutralized but they are rendered obliquely through the correlation with the singular.
Alongside of the gr. (or lexico-gr.) gender distinctions, Eng Ns can show the sex of their referents also lexically with the help of special lexical markers, e.g.: bull-calf/cow-calf, cock-sparrow/hen-sparrow, he-bear/she-bear, etc. or through suffixal derivation: sultan/sultana, lion/li1ss, etc.
The cat. of gender can undergo the process of opp.al reduction. It can be easily neutralized (with the group of "common gender" Ns) & transponized (the process of "personification").
The Eng gender differs much from the Russian gender: the Eng gender has a semantic character (opp.ally, i.e. gr.ly expressed), while the gender in Russian is partially semantic (Russian animate Ns have semantic gender distinctions), & partially formal.
17. Cat. of Article Determination
The probl. of Eng articles has been the subject of hot discussions for many years. Today the most disputable ?s concerning the system of articles in Eng are the following: the identifiction of the article status in the hierarchy of lang. units, the nurriber of articles, their categorial & pragmatic func.s.
There exist 2 basic approaches to the probl. of the article status some scholars consider the article a self-sufficient word which forms with the modified noun a syntactic syntagma; others identify the article with the morpheme-like element which builds up with the nounal, stem a specific morph.
In recent works on the probl. of article determination of Eng Ns, more often than not an opinion is expressed that in the hierarchy of lang. units the article occupies a peculiar place - the place intermediary btw the word & the morpheme.
In the light of the opp.al theory the cat. of article determination of the noun is regarded as 1 which is based on 2 binary opp.s: 1 of them is upper, the other is lower. The opp. of the higher level operates in the whole system of articles & contrasts the definite article with the noun against the 2 other forms of article determination of the noun - the indefinite article & the meaningful absence of the article. The opp. of the lower level operates within the sphere of realizing the categorial meaning of non-identification (the sphere of the weak member of the upper opp.) & contrasts the 2 types of generalization - the relat. generalization & the absol. generalization. As a result, the system of articles in Eng is described as 1 consisting of 3 articles - the definite article, the indefinite article, & the 0 article, which, correspondingly, express the categorial func.s (meanings) of identification, relat. generalization, & absol. generalization.
The article paradigm is generalized for the whole system of the common Ns in Eng & is transpositionally outstretched into the subsystems of proper Ns & Unica (unique Ns) as well as into the system of proNs.
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