August 2000

15 August 2000

Dear Mr KOEZUKA

We have the pleasure to invite you to participate in the International Conference "10^th Anniversary of Antimonopoly Bodies.".

This high-level International Conference will take place in Moscow, 18-19 October 2000. It will host participants from foreign and international organizations, governmental, academic and business circles for discussion of crucial problems of competition policy and competition law.

The working languages of the Conference are Russian and English.

For further details please contact Ms Johnston (tel.: 456 899 01)

Joe Brandton

Vice-Minister

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

When the Government of President Samuel Doe was overthrown in 1990, civil war broke out, causing the breakdown of law and order in Liberia. In the following three years, the war claimed the lives of between 100,000 and 150,000 civilians, with some 700,000 refugees fleeing to neighbouring countries. Liberia remained divided: the Interim Government of National Unity administered the capital city of Monrovia; the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) controlled nine counties; and the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) controlled the remaining three counties.

From the outset of the conflict, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a subregional organization made up of 16 countries, took initiatives towards a political settlement. These included creating a Military Observer Group (ECOMOG) in August 1990, and mediating agreements which became the basis for the peace plan of November 1990. On 30 October 1991, ECOWAS brokered the Yamoussoukro IV Accord, which provided for the disarmament of warring factions under ECOMOG supervision, and the establishment of transitional institutions to carry out free and fair elections.

The United Nations supported from the start the efforts of the ECOWAS member States. It also provided humanitarian assistance through its agencies and programmes. The United Nations Special Coordinator's office opened in 1990 to respond to the needs of Liberians throughout the country. Arrangements were made to assist those who fled to neighbouring countries, mainly Cфte d'Ivoire, Guinea and Sierra Leone.

To establish peace and stability in the country, the Security Council on 19 November 1992 imposed a general and complete arms embargo on Liberia, and requested the Secretary-General to dispatch an envoy. The Secretary-General appointed a Special Representative for Liberia, who visited Liberia and eight other countries in the region.

In March 1993, the Secretary-General reported to the Security Council that the Special Representative's talks with the parties indicated a consensus for a larger United Nations role in the search for peace. The Council asked the Secretary-General to discuss with ECOWAS and the parties the contribution which the United Nations could make.

On 6 June 1993, nearly 600 Liberians, mainly people displaced by the war, were killed in an armed attack near the Liberian town of Harbel. The Security Council condemned the killings and asked the Secretary-General to launch an investigation.

The investigation panel concluded that the killings had been carried out by units of the Armed Forces of Liberia (one of the parties to the conflict), and that NPFL, to which the act of violence had initially been attributed, had had no role in it. The panel added that this finding did not diminish the responsibility of NPFL, ULIMO and others alleged to have engaged in similar atrocities, and recommended investigating such atrocities.

On 25 July 1993, after a three-day meeting in Cotonou, Benin, under the co-chairmanship of the Secretary-General's Special Representative, the envoy of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Executive Secretary of ECOWAS, the parties signed the Cotonou Peace Agreement. The Agreement provided for a cease-fire, the disarmament and demobilization of military units, a transitional government, and general and presidential elections. A" Joint Cease-fire Monitoring Committee was set up, comprising the three Liberian parties, ECOMOG and the United Nations.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

TO: Ms Klery STAVRAKAKIS

Director

Organization of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

5 February 2000

Dear Ms Stavrakakis

Herewith we are informing you that Mr Bogachev, Deputy Minister, who is a participant to the AZ1A FORUM 2000 in Thesallomki on February 7-8, will be in Athens on February 9 in the afternoon.

Taking the chance of being in Athens he would greatly appreciate if you could meet so as to discuss issues of mutual interest.

Please contact Mr Filimonov so as to arrange the meeting.

I thank you in advance for your kind cooperation.

Sincerely yours

Vladimir Egorov

Head, Department for International Relations

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

On 22 September, the Security Council established the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL), to assist in implementing the peace agreement. Under the agreement, ECOMOG had the primary responsibility for implementation; UNOMIL would monitor and verify the impartial application of the implementation procedures. UNOMIL was the first United Nations peace-keeping mission undertaken in cooperation with a peace-keeping operation already set up by another organization.

The task of UNOMIL comprised monitoring the cease-fire, the arms embargo and the disarmament and demobilization of combatants; assisting in humanitarian activities, including the return of refugees and displaced persons; and observing the election process, conducted by the transitional government.

In accordance with the Cotonou Agreement, ECOMOG was to be reinforced by troops from countries outside West Africa. On the basis of an ECOWAS appeal, the Secretary-General set up a Trust Fund to assist in the deployment and maintenance of the ECOMOG troops. In September 1993, the United States pledged $19.8 million to the Trust Fund, for the deployment and maintenance of the additional troops and for covering some maintenance costs of the existing troops. In January 1994, battalions from Tanzania and Uganda were deployed to Liberia.

After months of stalemate, the Liberian National Transitional Government (LNTG) was installed on 8 March 1994. Elections were to be held in September. But the demobilization proceeded slowly, and came to a halt with the emergence of two new armed factions and accusations that both NPFL and ULIMO had resumed hostilities. Increased fighting forced the UNOMIL observers to move from many of the rural areas to the more secure Monrovia, since the authority of the LNTG could not be extended beyond the capital. Both the NPFL and ULIMO experienced internal divisions, further adding to instability. The elections were postponed indefinitely.

In September, President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana, the ECOWAS Chairman, convened the NPFL, ULIMO and AFL for peace talks attended by the OAU and the United Nations at Akosombo, Ghana. The Akosombo Agreement, signed on 12 September, sought to reinforce and supplement the Cotonou Agreement, recognized as the framework for peace. On 21 December, all warring factions concluded in Accra, Ghana, a peace agreement calling for a cessation of hostilities, the seating of a new transitional government, disarmament of combatants and the eventual holding of elections.

In April 1995, the Secretary-General reported to the Security Council that the peace process remained at an impasse. The Council urged the parties to install a transitional government, re-establish a cease-fire and take steps to implement the Accra Agreement.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes