July 2000

5 July 2000

Dear Mr Lee

Herewith we are informing you that on 7-8 September, 2000 an International Conference "New Prospects of scientific and technological and production cooperation of Russia with foreign states" is to be held in Nizhny Novgorod.

To participate in the forthcoming Conference we are glad to invite a representative from your Ministry and two persons representing business circles.

The working languages of the Conference are Russian, German and English. For further information please contact Ms Golovina (tel.: 456 899 01)

Looking forward for your prompt reply, I remain

Sincerely yours,

Vladimir Yugin

Minister

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

AFGHANISTAN

Following Soviet military intervention in late December 1979, 52 Member States requested on 3 January 1980 an urgent meeting of the Security Council on the situation in Afghanistan. Following a negative vote from the Soviet Union on a draft resolution deploring the intervention, the Security Council called an emergency special session of the General Assembly. The session in January deplored "the recent armed intervention in Afghanistan" and called for the withdrawal of the foreign troops.

The Secretary-General launched a process of talks involving Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, other neighbouring countries and Security Council members. The talks, conducted by the Secretary-General's Personal Representative, sought to reach a settlement based on four elements: non-interference, return of refugees, withdrawal of foreign troops and international guarantees.

Eight years of intensive negotiations based on those elements culminated in a comprehensive settlement in April 1988. A timetable was established for the withdrawal of the foreign troops.

On 14 April 1988 at a ceremony at the United Nations office at Geneva, the Secretary-General presided over the signing of the settlement, known as the Geneva Accords. The accords were signed by the Foreign Ministers of Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as by those of the Soviet Union and the United States as guarantor States.

In line with the Accords, the signatories requested that United Nations military personnel deployed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) monitored the withdrawal of Soviet troops, which was completed in February 1989. UNGOMAP continued to monitor aspects of the Geneva Accords until March 1990.

In May 1988, in view of the gravity of the humanitarian situation, the Secretary General called for establishing a United Nations common system to deal with the needs of the country. This led to the appointment of the Coordinator of the United Nations Humanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes relating to Afghanistan (UNOCA). In June 1988, the Secretary-General issued an appeal for $1.1 billion in international assistance. At a pledging conference in New York in October, the Secretary-General and the Coordinator launched Operation Salam, an international effort for relief and rehabilitation in Afghanistan, for which UNOCA became responsible.

In 1989, UNOCA launched the first large-scale mine-clearance programme in the world, which to date has cleared more than 42 million square metres. More than 2.3 million people have received mine-awareness training.

With the continuing internal conflict in Afghanistan, the General Assembly in November 1988 asked the Secretary-General to encourage a comprehensive political settlement with a view to establishing a broad-based government.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Sadovaya'Kudrinskaya str.

Russian Federation

Dear Minister

Thank you for your interest to meet representatives of the Brandenburg State Government, especially Prime Minister Dr. Manfred Stoipe, during your stay in the Federal Republic of Germany from April 25"' to April 26"' 2000.

It is my pleasure to invite you to the state of Brandenburg. A copy of your request has been.mailed to the office of the Prime Minister for coordinating purposes.

Sincerely yours

Dr. Wolfgang FьrniЯ

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

AFGHANISTAN

In May 1989, the Secretary-General appointed a Personal Representative in Afghanistan and Pakistan, who has subsequently, through continuous contact with the various elements involved, sought to find a peaceful solution to the conflict.

In May 1991, the Secretary-General outlined principles for a political solution, which included the need to preserve the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and non-aligned and Islamic character of the country; the recognition of the right of Afghans to determine their own form of government and choose their economic, political and social system; and the need for an intra-Afghan dialogue leading to the establishment of a broad-based government.

On 16 April 1992, following a period of intensifying conflict, the Government of President Najibullah was replaced by a Majahidin Government, which subsequently proclaimed the establishment of an Islamic State. A few days later, the Secretary General travelled to the region and met with the leaders of Pakistan and Iran. He stated that peace and national unity were prerequisites for soliciting financial and humanitarian assistance from the international community, and reaffirmed that the United Nations was ready to assist the Afghan people in the reconstruction of their country.

On 24 April, an Agreement on forming an interim govern­ment was reached among most of the Afghan parties, in Peshawar, Pakistan. These events led to the return of more than 1.5 million refugees, increasing the need for humanitarian assistance. In June, the Secretary-General issued a $197 million appeal for emergency relief aid.

Serious fighting erupted in August, causing many casualties and large-scale damage to the capital city of Kabul, and forcing United Nations staff temporarily to evacuate the city. The Secretary-General appealed for restraint and the resumption of dialogue, and the Security Council issued a statement of concern.

In spite of a cease-fire, which permitted several United Nations fact-finding and technical assistance missions to visit Kabul, fighting and rocketing of Kabul erupted again in December 1992. The hostilities put severe strains on the relief effort. By the end of the year, about $ 87million had been received for humanitarian assistance required in 1992.

In January 1993, UNOCA became the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (UNOCHA), reflecting a new emphasis on emergency programmes. Throughout the year, United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations continued to provide humanitarian assistance. A new appeal was launched, and by the end of the year close to $70 million had been pledged.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Dear Mrs. Fonaryova:

The 37^th World Advertising Congress, "London 2000", will be held in London from 6 June through 9 June. This biennial Congress, is very the traditional gathering place of top professionals.

We believe that your participation in this event of world importance will be important.

Considering your great contribution to the development of the Russian advertising business, we are confident that your contacts with leaders of the advertising industry from around the world will have a positive effect on the further development of the advertising market in Russia.

Sincerely,

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

Cyprus became independent in 1960, with a Constitution which was intended to balance the interests of the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities. In August 1960, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom entered into a treaty which guaranteed the basic provisions of the Constitution and the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Cyprus.

Since the outbreak of fighting between the two communities in December 1963, the United Nations has sought to secure a peaceful settlement. The Security Council met on 27 December 1963 to consider a complaint by Cyprus charging intervention in its internal affairs and aggression by Turkey. Turkey maintained that Greek Cypriot leaders had tried for more than two years to nullify the rights of the Turkish Cypriot community and denied all charges of aggression.

In March 1964, the Security Council established the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), to prevent fighting, help maintain law and order, and promote a return to normal conditions.

The efforts of the Secretary General and his Special Representative in Cyprus led, beginning in 1968, to talks between the two communities, which were held intermittently until early in 1974.

A coup d'йtat in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 by Greek Cypriot and Greek elements favouring union with Greece was followed by military intervention by Turkey, whose troops established Turkish Cypriot control over the northern part of the island.

The Security Council called for a cease-fire and laid the basis for negotiations between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, which were held until mid-August, when they broke down. A further Turkish military operation extended the area under Turkish Cypriot control in the north. A cease-fire came into effect on 16 August.

Four days later, the Secretary-General appointed the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Coordinator of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance for Cyprus. More than 200,000 people needed assistance as a result of the hostilities. The High Commissioner continues to aid displaced persons, and UNFICYP provides support to the humanitarian effort.

In November 1974, the General Assembly called on all States to respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and non-alignment of Cyprus. It urged the withdrawal of all foreign armed forces, a halt to foreign interference, and the return of refugees to their homes. The Assembly stated that constitutional issues were to be resolved by the two communities, and urged the continuation of contacts which were taking place between the two communities with the help of the Secretary-General.

These contacts broke off after the unilateral announcement by the Turkish Cypriot leadership in February 1975 that a part of the island would become the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus". In March, the Security Council expressed regret regarding this move, and stated that the decision did not prejudge the final political settlement.

Talks started in April under the auspices of the Secretary-General. Agreement was reached that the Turkish Cypriots in the south of the island would be allowed to proceed north with UNFICYP assistance, and that a number of Greek Cypriots would be transferred to the north to be reunited with their families. Greek Cypriots in the north would be free to go south or to remain.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

July 18,2000

Dear Mr. Petrov

I would like to inform you that I left my position as Minister of International Trade and Industry on July 4.

Mr. Hiranuma has been appointed as my successor. I hope that you will accord him the same goodwill and assistance you have granted me.

Please accept my best wishes. Respectfully yours,

Takashi Fukaya

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

In 1990, the Security Council reiterated that it foresaw a solution based on the existence of one State comprising two communities, and that the objective was a new Constitution regulating the relations between the two communities on a federal, bicommunal and bi-zonal basis. Both sides affirmed their commitment to the Council's views.

By March 1991, the Secretary-General was able to report to the Security Council that discussions held by his repre­sentatives with both sides in Cyprus and a senior official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey in exploring a set of ideas for an overall framework agreement had been useful. He noted that the clarifications that had emerged should make it possible to bring the two sides within range of agreement, particularly under three of the eight headings of an overall framework agreement, namely, Overall Objectives, Guiding Principles, and Security and Guarantees. The Secretary-General felt that an agreement should be within reach if it was possible to move forward on the issues of Territorial Adjustments and Displaced Persons.

The Secretary-General conferred separately with the leaders of the two communities in New York in January and March 1992. Reporting to the Security Council in April, the Secretary-General stated that the set of ideas would offer a fair basis on which an agreement could be concluded. A week later, the Council endorsed the set of ideas as an appropriate basis for reaching agreement.

In June, the Secretary-General began proximity talks in New York with the two leaders. After a three-week intermission, the talks resumed in July. Joint meetings between the two leaders continued in New York in October-November, focusing on the set of ideas.

At a joint meeting in March 1993, the two leaders agreed to resume negotiations in May, using the set of ideas to reach an overall framework agreement. In April-May, the Secretary-General's Deputy Special Representative undertook preparatory meetings in Cyprus. Both leaders indicated their willingness to pursue agreement on 14 proposed confidence-building measures. The most significant were the transfer of the vacant city of Varosha to United Nations administration and its becoming a special area for bicommunal contact and commerce; and the reopening of Nicosia International Airport, under United Nations administration, for unhindered traffic with both sides.

On the basis of these preparations, joint negotiations resumed in New York in May, chaired by the Secretary-General. The meetings recessed on 1 June to allow the Turkish Cypriot side to undertake consultations in Nicosia and Ankara. The purpose of these consultations was to promote acceptance of the Varosha/Nicosia International Airport package of confidence-building measures. It was agreed that the joint meetings would resume in New York no later than 14 June. However the leader of the Turkish Cypriot community did not promote acceptance of the package and did not return to New York.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

To: Mr Takashi KOEZUKA

Deputy Secretary General

Re: 10^th Anniversary of Antimonopoly Bodies.