January 2000

28 January 2000

Dear Ms Zicci

Herewith I am glad to write in accordance with my forthcoming visit to Greece as a participant to ASIA FORUM 2000 which is to be held in Thesalloniki on 7-8 February.

I was a great pleasure to meet you during my visit to Athens in July.

Taking the chance of going to Greece I would greatly appreciate if you could find a few minutes in your business schedule and meet me and discuss the issues of mutual interest.

Thank you in advance for your kind cooperation and assistance. Looking forward to meeting you, I remain

Sincerely yours

Gennady Bogachev

Deputy Director

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: экономика и управление н/х)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

Eco­nomics certainly does involve all the Moments stressed in these various definitions—and more.

Economists today agree on a general defini­tion something like the following:

Economics is the study of how people and society choose to employ scarce resources that could have alternative uses in order to produce various commodities and to distribute them for consumption, now or in the future, among various persons and groups in society.

Measurement in Economics

We might conclude that economics talks about many of life's practical questions. But it does more than talk: Economics is vitally concerned with the measurement of important phenomena— unemployment, prices, incomes, and so forth.

One important example of such measurement occurs in macroeconomics. As we will see in Parts Two and Three of this text, macroeconomics stud­ies the behavior of the economy as a whole— movements in overall prices or output or employ­ment. Microeconomics, in a sense, looks at the economy through a microscope—studying the behavior of an economy’s individual molecules, like firms or households.

Returning to measurement, one of the most important concepts in all economics is the gross national product (GNP). This, as Chapter 6 will discuss, represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced each year in a nation. The GNP tells us much about the real economic performance of a country. It is the best available summary measure of the quantity of real goods and services—food, clothing, penicillin, ballet, base­ball and so forth—a country is capable of gener­ating. It tells us much about a "country's living standard, its health status, and its educational attainment.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Sadovaya'Kudrinskaya str.

Russian Federation

Dear Minister

Thank you for your interest to meet representatives of the Brandenburg State Government, especially Prime Minister Dr. Manfred Stoipe, during your stay in the Federal Republic of Germany from April 25"' to April 26"' 2000.

It is my pleasure to invite you to the state of Brandenburg. A copy of your request has been.mailed to the office of the Prime Minister for coordinating purposes.

Sincerely yours

Dr. Wolfgang FьrniЯ

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: экономика и управление н/х)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

As mentioned in chapter 2.1. a UK resident company is liable to corporation tax on all its profits, wherever arising, for an accounting period. This chapter describes the meaning of 'accounting period' and how the 'profits' of such a company are computed for tax purposes.

3.2 An accounting period

Broadly, an accounting period is the period for which the annual statutory accounts are drawn up. However, for tax purposes that period cannot exceed 12 months. This means that if statutory accounts are drawn up for a period of, say. 18 months, there will be two accounting periods for corporation tax purposes - one comprising the first 12 months and the second comprising the 6 months up to the date to which the statutory accounts have been prepared.

An accounting period begins when a company first acquires a source of income, starts to carry on business, or becomes UK resident, and if it ceases to trade or to be resident in the UK an accounting period ends. However, these rules do not apply if a trading company commences a further trade during an accounting period, or ceases one trade whilst continuing to carry on another: in both cases the accounting period continues unbroken. An accounting period ends when a company starts to be wound up, and thereafter every 12 months until the winding up is completed. It does not end if an administration order is made.

If a company's accounts cover a period in excess of 12 months, its trading profits are apportioned to the accounting periods on a time basis, whereas capital allowances and capital gains fall into the period in which the relevant acquisitions and disposals occur.

Where a company makes up accounts to slightly varying dates (e.g. the nearest Saturday to a month end) and the terminal date does not vary by more than four days from a mean date, the Inland Revenue will not normally object to the treatment of each account as an account for a period of 12 months ended on the mean date provided the company has agreed in writing to adopt this treatment. The company must also agree to certain other conditions for the purposes of accounting for income tax and advance corporation tax. It is understood that the Inland Revenue has no present intention of bringing this four day period into line with the Companies Act 1985 which allows accounts to be drawn up to any date within seven days either side of the accounting reference date.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

To: Mr Kim-nee LEE

Minister of Trade

Ministry of Trade and Industry