August 2000

15 August 2000

Dear Mr KOEZUKA

We have the pleasure to invite you to participate in the International Conference "10^th Anniversary of Antimonopoly Bodies.".

This high-level International Conference will take place in Moscow, 18-19 October 2000. It will host participants from foreign and international organizations, governmental, academic and business circles for discussion of crucial problems of competition policy and competition law.

The working languages of the Conference are Russian and English.

For further details please contact Ms Johnston (tel.: 456 899 01)

Joe Brandton

Vice-Minister

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: онтология и теория познания)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

The question Weber never really faced up to was whether ethical neutrality could be violated unwittingly, despite the sociologist's willingness to abstain from openly proclaiming his own views. His belief in the capacity of social scientists to "distinguish between empiri­cal knowledge and value judgements" is not dissimilar to the belief of newspaper editors in their capacity to distinguish between news and comment. In presenting the news they stick scrupulously to the facts, recording events without bias or favour. Judgement on the facts is reserved for the editorial columns. However, there now appears to be a small army of sociologists — the 'media theorists' — whose principal activity is to pour cold water on this notion. They tell us that what counts as 'news' is in fact the end product of a very selective social process. In recording some events and suppressing others, as well as in the moral vocabulary employed in the manufacture of news, certain biases and preconceptions are quietly at work. What purports to be an impartial recitation of factual events is thus a thoroughly loaded presentation. The biases may operate in a more subtle and subterranean fashion than they do in the case of editorial comment, but that makes them all the more effective.

Only God knows all

So far as I know, no human being knows all about anything. Can you think of anything about which your knowledge is complete? Large or small, old or new. Can you answer every question about an automobile or a grain of sand, a pencil or an inch of thread, or a human being?

Suppose you wanted to devote your lifetime to the study of a single lead pencil. Could you learn all about it? You might pick out a nice yellow one with a rubber eraser. You could then sit down and try to describe it as thoroughly as possible, giving exact measurements and telling all you could about its construction and its uses. But to know everything about the pencil, you would have to learn about the wood and the individual tree from which it was made.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

TO: Ms Klery STAVRAKAKIS

Director

Organization of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

5 February 2000

Dear Ms Stavrakakis

Herewith we are informing you that Mr Bogachev, Deputy Minister, who is a participant to the AZ1A FORUM 2000 in Thesallomki on February 7-8, will be in Athens on February 9 in the afternoon.

Taking the chance of being in Athens he would greatly appreciate if you could meet so as to discuss issues of mutual interest.

Please contact Mr Filimonov so as to arrange the meeting.

I thank you in advance for your kind cooperation.

Sincerely yours

Vladimir Egorov

Head, Department for International Relations

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: онтология и теория познания)

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

Instead of bureaucratic impartiality . . . based on the abstract validity of one objective law for all ... the opposite principle prevails. Practically everything depends explicitly upon personal considerations: upon the attitude toward the concrete applicant and his concrete request and upon purely personal connections, favours, promises and privileges.

Weber contrasts patrimonialism not only with bureaucracy but with another important sub-type of traditional domination — feudalism. Feudalism differed from patrimonialism in that the relationship between a lord and his vassals was a freely contractual one. The vassal swore fealty to his Lord and was no mere dependent. In addition, "Vassalage does not diminish the honour and status of the vassal; on the contrary, it can augment his honour ...". The vassal identifies his fortune with that of his lord, and in the glory of his master he sees the reflection of himself. Most importantly, the vassal's claim to legitimacy vis-a-vis his own local subjects and dependents flowed directly from the legitimacy of the feudal lord.

The fact that the lord-vassal relationship was a reciprocal and contractual affair meant that rights and obligations were far more formalized under feudalism than under patrimonialism.

In order to assure that the research results are carried out as intended, it is necessary to develop a detailed plan for their implementation. This need is generally acknowledged where the action ultimately to be taken is to be performed by a computer. In such a situation the researcher recognizes his responsibility for developing a program for the computer. What is not so well recognized is that almost as detailed a program is required for human operators. It is necessary to specify exactly who is to do what, when they are to do it, and how. The who and when can normally be shown on a flow chart which indicates the way that the relevant operations are to be conducted.

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes