Definition of the Term “Verbals”
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb
The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
Infinitive Сonstructions
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc
Attribute
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntactical Role of the Gerund
Constructions with the Gerund
Am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
Навигация
Constructions with the Gerund
Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
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2.3.2 Constructions with the Gerund
Predicative constructions with the gerund.
Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun.
I don't like your going off without any money. (Maltz)
Мне не нравится, что вы уходите без денег.
Here the gerund going off is in predicate relation to the pronoun your, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.
The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways.
1. If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
(a) by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun.
His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard's coming back to us in an excited state. (Dickens)
Его дальнейшие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричард в чрезвычайно возбужденном состоянии.
Do you mind my smoking? (Hardy)
Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я курил?
(b) by a noun in the common case.
I have a distinct recollection of Lady Chiltern always getting the good conduct prize! (Wilde)
Я отлично помню, что леди Чильтерн всегда получала награды за примерное поведение.
Thus in Modern English there are two parallel constructions of the type: Fancy David's courting Emily and Fancy David courting Emily. These two constructions may be used indifferently, but sometimes there is a slight difference in meaning: in the first example the action (the verbal element of the construction) is emphasized, whereas in the second the doer of the action (the nominal element of the construction) is emphasized.[25]
Occasionally examples are found where the nominal element of the construction is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case.
I hope you will forgive me disturbing you. (Du Maurier)
Надеюсь, вы простите меня за то, что я вас побеспокоил.
There are cases when the nominal element of the construction, though denoting a living being, cannot be expressed by a noun in the possessive case, but only by a noun in the common case, namely when it consists of two or more nouns or when it is a noun modified by an attribute in post-position.
I object to Mary and Jane going out on such a windy day. He felt no uneasiness now in the thought of the brother and) sister being alone together. (Eliot)
Его теперь не смущала мысль о том, что брат и сестра остались вдвоем.
Did you ever hear of a man of sense rejecting such an offer?
Слышали ли вы когда-нибудь, чтобы разумный человек отказался от такого предложения?
2. If the nominal element of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it is expressed by a noun in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not used in the genitive case) or by a possessive pronoun.
I said something about my clock being slow. (Du Maurier)
Я сказала, что мои часы отстают.
Peggotty spoke of my room, and of its being ready for me. (Dickens)
Пеготти говорила о моей комнате и о том, что она уже приготовлена для меня.
3. The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each, something.
I insist on both of them coming in time.
Я требую, чтобы они оба пришли вовремя.
Again Michael... was conscious of something deep and private stirring within himself. (Galsworthy)
Майкл опять почувствовал, что в его душе шевельнулось что-то глубокое и затаенное.
Some grammarians recognize the existence of two separate constructions: the gerundial construction (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun) and a construction with a half gerund (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the common case, a pronoun in the objective ease, or a pronoun which has no case distinctions).
A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered in Russian by a subordinate clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc.
His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough. (Aldington)
To, что он был иностранец, бывший неприятель, было уже плохо.
Her thoughts were interrupted at last, by the door opening gently. (Reade)
Ее мысли были наконец прерваны тем, что дверь тихонько открылась.
The use of the gerund.
In Modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the infinitive.
In the following cases- only the gerund is used:
1. With the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep (on), to leave off, to mind (in negative and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put off, cannot help, and some others.
He avoided looking at Sabina. (Wilson)
Он избегал смотреть на Сабину.
…she burst out crying. (Collins)
Она расплакалась.
We all burst out laughing. (Braine)
Мы все рассмеялись.
She denied having been at the station that evening. (Gaskell)
Она отрицала, что была в тот вечер на станции.
... he enjoyed thinking of her as his future wife. (Eliot)
... ему доставляло удовольствие думать о ней как о своей будущей жене.
Excuse my leaving you in the dark a moment. (Dickens)
Извините, что я па минуту оставлю вас в темноте.
Fancy finding you here at such аи hour! (Hardy)
Я даже и представить себе не мог, что застану вас здесь в такое время!
Forgive my speaking plainly. (Hardy)
Простите, что я говорю так прямо.
2. With the following verbs and verbal phrases used with a preposition: to accuse of, to agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist on, to look -like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of, to give- up the idea of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss an (the) opportunity of and some others.
They accuse me of having dealt with the Germans. (Heym)
Меня обвиняют в том, что я имел дело с немцами.
It was clear now... that Abraham never had agreed to their being married to-day. (Stone)
Теперь было ясно, что Авраам никогда не соглашался на то, чтобы они поженились сегодня.
You did not approve of my playing at roulette. (Eliot)
Вы не одобряли того, что я играла в рулетку.
All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me. (Eliot)
Все счастье моей жизни зависит от того, полюбите ли вы меня.
I don't feel like going out. (Wilson)
Мне не хочется выходить,
3. With the following predicative word-groups (with or without a preposition): to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, 1 to be proud of, to be sure of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while), and some others.
Sir Pitt Crawley was not aware of Becky's having married Rawdon.
Сэр Питт Кроули не знал, что Бекки вышла замуж за Родона.
I felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally incapable of speaking to any one human being. (Collins)
Я чувствовал, что я физически не в состоянии оставаться на одном месте и морально не к состоянии говорить с кем бы то ни было.
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