Definition of the Term “Verbals”
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb
The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
Infinitive Сonstructions
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc
Attribute
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntactical Role of the Gerund
Constructions with the Gerund
Am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
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Attribute
Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
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4. Attribute.
The best thing for you to do is to bide here with your load. I'll send somebody to help you. (Hardy)
Самое лучшее, что вы можете сделать, — это подождать здесь с вашей поклажей. Я пришлю кого-нибудь помочь вам.
There was really nothing for him to do but what he had done. (Dreiser)
Ему действительно ничего не оставалось делать, кроме того, что он сделал (единственное, что ему оставалось сделать, было то, что он сделал).
5. Adverbial modifier:
(a) of purpose.
Here's the thermometer: they've left it for the doctor to see instead of shaking it down. (Shaw)
Вот термометр; его не стряхнули, чтобы доктор мог посмотреть температуру.
Не stepped aside for me to pass. (Du Marnier)
Он отошел в сторону, чтобы я могла пройти.
(b) of result.
The pleasure of accompanying you was too great a temptation for me to resist. (Collins)
Удовольствие сопровождать вас было так велико, что я не мог ему противиться.
But he had consented, and it was too late for him now to recede. (Trollope)
Но он уже дал согласие, и теперь было поздно отступать.
With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infinitive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive.
1 am glad (pleased) to have got a ticket for the concert.
I am glad to have seen you. (Dreiser)
I am very sorry to have done a man wrong, particularly when it can't be undone. (Dickens)
In other cases a clause is used with to be glad and to be sorry.
I am glad you got a ticket for the concert.
2.2.3 Syntax and Semantics of Participles
Participle I
Participle I as an attribute.
Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.
The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.
Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.
We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.
Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.
In some cases Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.
He came back and stood --resolute on the steps leading down to the street. (Cusack)
Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на улицу.
In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in preposition and in postposition, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifies, and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.
The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)
Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж.
Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.
They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius. (Hichens)
Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию.
Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill, the July sunlight at five o'clock fell just where the broad staircase turned. (Galsworthy)
Сквозь массивную стеклянную крышу, освещавшую холл в Робин Хилле, лучи июльского солнца в пять часов падали как раз на поворот широкой лестницы.
Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.
There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home... which interested him greatly. (Dreiser)
Его очень интересовала линия, которую прокладывали в нескольких кварталах, от его нового дома.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive is not used attributively.
Attention should be paid to the fact that Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority; therefore, it often happens that when in Russian we have причастие in English we find a finite verb. Such is the case with the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expressing priority; it is rendered in English by an attributive clause.[19]
Татьяна, с великим равнодушием переносившая до того мгновения все превратности своей жизни, тут, однако, не вытерпела, прослезилась. (Тургенев)
Tatiana, who had until that moment borne all the ups and downs of her life with great indifference, broke down, however, on this and burst into tears. '' (Translated by Domb)
Бульба повел сыновей своих в светлицу, откуда проворно выбежали две красивые девки-прислужницы, прибиравшие комнату. (Гоголь)
Bulba bade his sons follow him into the little guest-chamber, whence two pretty serving-wenches, who bad been arranging the room, ran out. (Translated by Baskerville)
A clause, not a participle, is generally used in English even when the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.
Базаров закурил трубку и подошел к ямщику, отпрягавшему лошадей. (Тургенев)
Bazarov lit his pipe and went up to the driver who was unharnessing the horses. (Translated by С. Garnett)
Матушка, знавшая наизусть все его обычаи..., всегда старалась засунуть несчастную книгу подальше. (Пушкин)
My mother, who knew all his habits, used to thrust the obnoxious volume into some remote hiding-place. (Translated 'by J. and T. Litvinov)
Occasionally, however, in rendering the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени, a participle is used in English. This is often the case when действительное причастие прошедшего времени refers to no particular time.
Заря уже занималась на небе, когда Соломин постучался в калитку высокого забора, окружавшего фабрику. (Тургенев)
Dawn was already beginning in the sky when Solomin knocked at the gate in the high fence surrounding the factory. (Translated by С Garnett)
Потом он обратил внимание посетителей на висевшую над его головой картину, писанную масляными красками. (Тургенев)
Then he drew the attention of his guests to a picture hanging above his head, painted in oils. ('Translated by C. Garnett)
In many cases an attribute expressed by Participle I is detached, i.e. it acquires a certain independence in the sentence; the connection between the attribute and the word it modifies is loose. A detached attribute is usually separated by a comma.
It was the entrance to a large family vault, extending under the north aisle. (Hardy)
Это был вход в большой фамильный склеп, простиравшийся под северным приделом храма.
Participle I as an adverbial modifier.
All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier. Participle I Indefinite expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие несовершенного вида; Participle I Perfect expresses an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие совершенного вида. In some cases Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.[20]
Participle I can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
Approaching Malta Street, Soho, Soames thought with wonder of those years in Brighton. (Galsworthy)
Приближаясь к Мальта Стрит в Сохо, Сомc с удивлением думал о годах, проведенных в Брайтоне.
Having closed the drawing-room door on him, Isabel awaited a little, absorbed in her own thoughts. (Collins)
Закрыв за ним дверь гостиной, Изабелла подождала немного, погруженная в свои мысли.
As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, "to seize, to look out, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant. In Russian деепричастие совершенного вида is used in such cases.
Anna... hearing his step, ran to the foot of the stairs to meet him. (Eliot)
Анна..., услышав его шаги, побежала вниз по лестнице встретить его.
Arriving there the visitor found everything that should be found at old manors. (Coppard)
Приехав туда, гость нашел все то, что обычно находят в старых поместьях.
Entering her room that evening, Elfride found a packet for herself on the dressing-table. (Hardy)
Войдя вечером в свою комнату, Элфрид нашла на туалетном столе сверток.
If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used.
…it was possible for Urquhart, when making his toilet, to survey with pride an original willow pattern tea service. (Cronin)
Экхарт мог, пока он одевался, с гордостью любоваться чайным сервизом с настоящим китайским рисунком.
While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove. (London)
Дожидаясь, когда закипит вода, он наклонился над печкой.
Participle I Indefinite of the verb “to be” is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. Clauses of the type 'Когда он был ребенком...,' 'Когда он был в Ленинграде...' may be translated When a boy.... When he was a boy..., When in Leningrad..., When he was in Leningrad. ..
(b) of cause.
Being of a more slender figure than Mr. Jarndyce, and having a richer complexion, Mr. Skimpole looked younger. (Dickens)
Так как мистер Скимпоул был стройнее мистера Джарндайса и так как цвет лица у него был лучше, он выглядел моложе.
Having been a little in that line myself, I understood it. (Shaw)
Так как я сам раньше некоторое время работал в этой области, я понимал это.
(с) of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function Participle I Indefinite is mostly used.
She balanced herself on the curbstone and began to walk carefully, setting heel to toe, heel to toe, and counting her steps. (Heym) (adverbial modifier of manner)
Она встала на край тротуара и осторожно пошла вперед, переступая с пятки па кончики пальцев и считая свои шаги.
Gwendolyn was silent, again looking at her hands. (Eliot) (adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances)
Гвендолин молчала, разглядывая свои руки.
It is not always easy to discriminate between an adverbial modifier of manner and an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
He has been in three revolutions fighting on the barricades. (Shaw)
Он принимал участие в трех революциях, сражаясь па баррикадах.
(d) of comparison. In this function Participle I is introduced by the conjunction as if or as though.
This was said as if thinking aloud. (Gaskell)
Это было сказано так, как будто он думал вслух.
... he was still on his guard, as though waiting for a further question from me. (Du Marnier)
Он все еще был настороже, словно ожидая, что я задам ему еще один вопрос.
Participle I as a predicative.
In this function Participle I is used but seldom; it is usually rendered in Russian by an adjective.
The effect of her words was terrifying.
Впечатление, произведенное ее словами, было страшно.
The whole damned day had been humiliating. (Priestley)
Весь этот ужасный день был унизительным.
Participle I as part of a complex object.
I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs. (Galsworthy)
Я видел, как этот молодой человек и его жена разговаривали с нами па лестнице.
Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate.
Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below. (Hardy)
Вскоре они услышали, что через комнату вниз прошел еще кто-то.
Participial phrase as parenthesis.
Here we always find a participial phrase; a single participle is not used in this function.
Generally speaking, I don't like boys. (Dickens)
Вообще говоря, я не люблю мальчиков.
Judging by appearances, Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely wasted and worn by the cares of a troubled life. (Collins)
Судя по внешности, мистер Баумор был человек преждевременно состарившийся и измученный тяготами жизни.
Participle II
Participle II as an attribute.
When used as an attribute Participle II of transitive verbs corresponds to the Russian страдательное причастие or действительное причастие of some verbs ending in -ся, е. g. a broken chair (сломанный стул), a broken cup (разбитая чашка), a newspaper published in Moscow (газета, издаваемая в Москве), the problem discussed at the meeting (вопрос, обсуждавшийся на собрании).
Participle II, as well as Participle I, can be used in preposition (without any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more accompanying words).
He answered through the locked door. (Wells)
Он ответил через закрытую дверь.
They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps. (Eliot)
Они свернули в большую оранжерею, красиво освещенную китайскими фонариками.
Participle II of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state, corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие or to an adjective. However, only in a few cases Participle II of an intransitive verb may be used attributively, mostly Participle II of the verbs to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish, e. g. faded leaves (увядшие листья), a withered flower (засохший цветок), a retired colonel (отставной полковник), a fallen star (упавшая звезда), the vanished jewels (пропавшие драгоценности).
An attribute expressed by Participle II may be detached; in .this case it often has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier:
The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent ringing of the bell. (Conan Doyle)
Экономка вышла из своей комнаты, привлеченная неистовым звоном колокольчика.
Accompanied by his father and Steger, he (Cowperwood) ascended to his new room. (Dreiser)
Сопровождаемый отцом и Стеджером (в сопровождении отца и Стеджера), он поднялся в свою новую комнату.
Participle II as an adverbial modifier.
In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as if, as though, though, etc. It is generally rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.
Participle II can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
When guestioned Annie had implied vaguely... that she was anxious about her brother-in-law. (Crohin)
Когда Энни стали расспрашивать, она дала понять..., что беспокоится о своем шурине.
(b) of condition.
It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if discovered, would bring them into the police court. (Cronin)
To, что он предлагал, было ужасно: это было нарушение закона, и, если бы оно открылось, их отдали бы под суд.
(c) of comparison.
As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried. (Galsworthy)
Он плакал, словно его мучили внутренняя борьба и сомнения.
Mr. Kantwise shook his head as though lost in wonder and admiration. (Trollope)
Мистер Кэитуайуз покачал головой, словно переполненный чувством удивления и восхищения.
(d) of concession.
... her spirit, though crushed, was not broken. (A. Bronte)
... хотя она и была подавлена, она не была сломлена.
Other grammarians view of the analysis of such word-groups as when questioned... , if discovered... , as if torn..., though crushed... is different. They consider such word-groups to be elliptical clauses and not participial phrases.
Participle II as a predicative.
In spite of himself, Val was impressed. (Galsworthy)
На Вэла это произвело впечатление, помимо его воли.
The inner gate was locked, and the lodge closed. (Dickens)
Внутренние ворота были заперты, и помещение привратника закрыто.
Participle II as part of a complex object.
She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed. (Collins)
Она нашла, что я ничуть не переменился, а я нашел, что она изменилась.
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