Definition of the Term “Verbals”
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb
The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
Infinitive Сonstructions
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc
Attribute
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntactical Role of the Gerund
Constructions with the Gerund
Am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
Навигация
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
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2.2.4 Predicative constructions with the participle
In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the participle:
(1) the Objective Participial Construction;
(2) the Subjective Participial Construction;
(3) the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;
(4) the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.[21]
The Objective Participial Construction.
The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.
In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily. (Hardy)
Ей было слышно как на соседней койке тяжело дышит ее мачеха.
The participle breaking is in predicate relation to the noun “stepmother”, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.
In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite Active or Participle II is used. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Russian.
The Objective Participial Construction may be found:
(a) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.
Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering. (Dreiser)
Потом он выглянул из окна и увидел, что собираются тучи.
1 heard my wife coming... (Conan Doyle)
She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy)
She found him waiting for her at her journey's end... (Dickens)
I saw the pony harnessed myself. (Collins)
(b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand.
I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot)
Я считаю себя помолвленной с господином Клесмером.
(c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used.
The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett)
Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро.
(d) after the verbs to have and to get; after these verbs only Participle II is used.
In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject' of the sentence. ‘Thus had the piano tuned’ means 'I made someone tune the piano'.
I had my coat altered.
Я переделала пальто (т. е. поручила кому-то переделать его).
He ... had several bottles of wine brought ... (Dreiser)
Ему ... принесли несколько бутылок вина.
In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used:
Why don't you have your hair waved? (Du Maurier)
Почему вы не завьетесь (не сделаете завивку)?
Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle.
The wounded man had his leg amputated.
Раненому ампутировали ногу.
The Subjective Participial Construction.
The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.
In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личное предложение).
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
They were heard talking together... (Collins)
This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.
The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy)
Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence.
The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in. (Dickens)
Так как дверь и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее.
In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
The lamp having been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son's letter. (Collins)
Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына.
This duty completed, he had three months' leave. (Hardy)
Когда эта работа была закончена, он получил трехмесячный отпуск.
(b) of cause.
It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs (Dickens)
Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх.
A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it, Clare, went out. (Hardy)
Послышался стук в дверь, и, так как больше некому было открыть, Клэр вышел.
(с) of attendant circumstances. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.
He turned and went, we, as before, following him. (Jerome)
Он повернулся и вышел; как и прежде, мы последовали за ним.
One morning he stood in front of the tank, his nose almost pressed to the glass. (Dreiser)
Однажды утром он стоял перед витриной, почти прижавшись носом к стеклу.
(d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing.
Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра.
Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope of conciliation is left.[22]
Если не удается достигнуть примирения, приходится применить силу; но если сила не помогает, не остается никакой надежды на примирение.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often occurs in fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare.
The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот.
They were walking on again, with Hugh calmly drawing at his pipe. (Lindsay)
Они снова шли вперед; Хью спокойно покуривал свою трубку.
The daughter sat quite silent and still, with her eyes fixed on the ground. (Dickens)
Дочь сидела молча и неподвижно, опустив глаза в землю.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
Grandcourt... rose and strolled out on the lawn, all the dogs following him. (Eliot)
Mr. Tulkinghorn comes and goes pretty often; there being estate business to do. (Dickens)
Then he started out, bag and overcoat in hand, to get his cup of coffee. (Maltz)
Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
It was a balmy, radiant day, with the trees and grass shining exceedingly green after the rain of the night before. (Dreiser)
He was there, writing busily at a distant table, with his back towards the door. (Eliot)
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