Definition of the Term “Verbals”
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb
The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
Infinitive Сonstructions
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc
Attribute
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntactical Role of the Gerund
Constructions with the Gerund
Am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
Навигация
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
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8. After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but.
You had better go to bed and leave the patient to me. (Shaw)
Вы бы лучше легли спать и оставили пациента на моем попечении.
I would rather not speak upon the subject. (Hardy),
Я бы предпочел не говорить на эту тему.
I would sooner die here, .at your feet ... than see you married to such a one as that. (Trollope)
Я предпочел бы умереть здесь, у ваших ног ..., чем видеть вас замужем за таким человеком.
1 cannot but think so. (Trollope)
Я не могу не думать так.
There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait.
Единственное, что ему оставалось, — это наблюдать и ждать.
She does nothing but make scenes from morning till night. (Shaw)
Она только и делает, что устраивает сцены с утра до ночи.
I looked long at that picture, and could not choose but look. (Ch. Bronte)
Я долго смотрела на эту картину и не могла не смотреть на нее.
‘Had better’, ‘would rather’, ‘to do nothing but’ belong to colloquial English, whereas cannot but and cannot choose but are characteristic of elevated style.
9. In sentences of a special type (infinitive sentences) beginning with why.
Why not come and talk to her yourself? (Reade)
Почему бы нам самой не прийти поговорить с ней?
The particle to is often used without the infinitive if it is easily understood from the context.
He and his three men could not defend Rollingen even if they wanted to. (Heym)
Он и трое его солдат не могли бы оборонять Роллинген, даже если бы захотели.
The particle ‘to’ may be separated from the infinitive by an adverb; this is the so-called split infinitive. It is hardly ever used in colloquial English.
He was unable, however, to long keep silence. (Galsworthy)
Он был, однако, не в состоянии долго молчать.
2.1.3 General Characteristics of Participles
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.[11]
There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but chiefly a difference in voice.
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing[12] to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding the suffix -ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix -ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit— admitting.
A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel—expelling, to travel — travelling.
(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.
A final у is not changed before adding the suffix -ing: to comply — complying, to deny — denying.
The formation of Participle II.
According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs, and mixed verbs.
1. Regular verbs. They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in -e.[13]
to want —wanted
The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced:
[ıd] after t, d:
wanted [wɔntıd], landed [lændıd]
[d] after voiced consonants except d and after vowels:
opened ['əupənd], played [pleıd];
[t] after voiceless consonants except t:
worked [wə:kt].
The following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) Final у is changed into i before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant.
to carry — carried
у remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel.
to enjoy — enjoyed
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
to stop —stopped
Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel.
to occur —- occurred
Final r is not doubled when preceded by a diphthong,
to appear — appeared
Final l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed:
to compel — compelled
2. Irregular verbs. Here belong the following groups of verbs:
(a) verbs which change their root vowel.
to sing —sang — sung
(b) verbs which change their root vowel and add -en for Participle II.
to speak —spoke —spoken
(c) verbs which change their root vowel and add -d or -t.
to sell —sold —sold
(d) verbs which change their final -d into -t.
to send —sent —sent
(e) verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle II.
to put — put — put
(f) verbs whose forms come from different stems.
to be — was, were — been
to go — went — gone
(g) special irregular verbs.
to have — had — had
to make — made — made
to do —did —done
(h) defective (anomalous) verbs.
can — could
must
ought
may — might
will — would
shall — should
3. Mixed verbs, their Past Indefinite is of the regular type, and their Participle It is of the irregular type:
to show — showed — shown
As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier. (Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated, distinguished, furnished, etc.
E.g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished apartment.)
I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (Du Marnier) (attribute)
Мне был отвратителен глухой шум дождя, стучавшего по крыше.
And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (attribute)
Затем она открыла книгу па титульном листе и посмотрела на имя, написанное ученическим почерком.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door, he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)
2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out. (Thackeray)
Deeply affected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett)
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle I has the following forms:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can't help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, I couldn't help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter.
He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy)
Он смотрел на ковер, ожидая ее ответа.
Me returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy)
Он вернулся в хижину, неся на руках новорожденного ягненка.
Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte)
Оставшись одни, мы с Полиной некоторое время молчали.
Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy)
После последнего поворота они вышли на дорогу, ведущую (которая вела) в Бат.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees..., began to eat and drink. (Dickens)
Мистер Бамбл, разостлав платок на коленях..., стал есть и пить.
They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together. (Walpole)
Они и в самом деле были старыми друзьями, так как вместе учились в школе.
It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.
Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, lie went up to a smith's shop. (Hardy)
Свернув на темную улицу и войдя в еще более темный переулок, он подошел к кузнице.
Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy)
Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу.
Participle II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.
His sister's eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)
Взгляд сестры, устремленный на него с некоторым недоумением, заставил его, наконец, взглянуть на Флер.
I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (Du Maurier)
Мне вспомнился портрет, который я видела в картинной галерее.
In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
The voice distinctions of the participle.
Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice.
When writing letters lie does not like to be disturbed.
Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.
Having written some letters he went to post them.
Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible.
Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning, e. g. a broken glass, a caged bird. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning; it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent [unction in the sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new state, e. g. a withered flower, a faded leaf.
2.1.4 The Gerund
The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character. The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.[14]
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
"I wonder at Jolyon's allowing this engagement," he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy)
«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
1 had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. (Swift)
2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
3. The gerund has tense- distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:[15]
(a) by a noun.
Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
(b) by an infinitive.
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence)
Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by “деепричастие”.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (Du Maurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
He regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady's room he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи, он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund; like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens)
Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy)
Она шла, не поворачивая головы.
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