Definition of the Term “Verbals”
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb
The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
Infinitive Сonstructions
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc
Attribute
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntactical Role of the Gerund
Constructions with the Gerund
Am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
Навигация
Infinitive Сonstructions
Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
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2.2.2 Infinitive Сonstructions
In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the infinitive:
(1) the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction;
(2) the Subjective Infinitive Construction;
(3) the or-to-Infinitive Construction.[18]
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
The Objective with the Infinitive is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
In translating the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction into Russian we nearly always use a subordinate clause.
He's a wonderful teacher and I've never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything. (Wilson)
Он замечательный учитель, и я никогда не видел, чтобы он вышел из себя или рассердился из-за чего-нибудь.
However, sometimes a sentence containing the Objective-with-he-Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence.
... the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations. (Heym)
... от ночных бомбежек старые степы содрогались до самого основания (бомбежки заставляли стены содрогаться).
1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice, etc.
I haven't heard anyone call me. (Wilde)
Я не слышал, 'чтобы кто-нибудь меня звал.
I saw Brown enter the room. (Braine)
Я видел, как Браун вошел в комнату.
After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II.
I saw the fire slowly conquered. (Collins) Я видел как пожар постепенно потушили.
If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.
He saw Fleur coming. (Galsworthy)
The verb to see is followed by a clause and not by the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction when it is not really a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means 'to understand'.
I saw that he did not realize the danger.
Я видел (понимал), что он не сознает опасности.
After the verbs to see and to notice the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such cases.
I saw that he was pale.
When the verb to hear is not a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means 'to learn', 'to be told', a clause or a gerund (and not the Objective-with-the-Infinitive) is used.
I hear that he left for the South (of his having left for the South).
Я слышал (мне сказали), что он уехал на юг.
2. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting mental activity, such as to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, etc.
After verbs of mental activity in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction the verb to be is generally used. (This restriction does not apply to the verb to expect.) The use of this construction after most verbs of mental activity is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style.
I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived. (Hardy)
Я знаю, что вы самое честное и безупречное существо из всех, когда-либо живших на свете.
I believe him to have no conscience at all. (Hardy)
Я считаю, что у него совершенно нет совести.
After verbs of mental activity the Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom.
The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before. (Hardy)
Доктор установил, что его сердце перестало биться два часа тому назад.
Note, — With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive.
Boldwood thought her beautiful. (Hardy)
She found the subject rather interesting (Dickens)
You consider yourself an impressive person, eh? (Shaw)
3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report.
The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.
Врач сказал, что рана легкая.
She declared him to be the most disobedient child in existence.
Она заявила, что это самый непослушный ребенок на свете.
4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting wish and intention: ‘to want’, ‘to wish’, ‘to desire’, ‘to mean’, ‘to intend’, ‘to choose’ (in the meaning of 'хотеть').
I want you to come and dine with me. (Dickens)
Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли пообедать со мной.
I particularly wished those books to be returned to-night. (Dickens)
Я очень хотел, чтобы эти книги были возвращены сегодня.
She desired me to follow her upstairs. (Ch. Bronte)
Она велела, чтобы я пошла за ней наверх.
5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs and expression denoting feeling and emotion: ‘to like’, ‘to dislike’, ‘to love’, ‘to hate’, ‘cannot bear’, etc.
I dislike you to talk like that.
Я не люблю, когда вы так говорите.
I hate him to be flogged. (E. Bronte)
Я терпеть не могу, когда его бьют.
I cannot bear you to speak of that. (Eliot)
Я не могу выносить, когда вы говорите об этом.
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