Definition of the Term “Verbals”
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb
The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
Infinitive Сonstructions
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc
Attribute
Predicative constructions with the participle
Syntactical Role of the Gerund
Constructions with the Gerund
Am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
Навигация
The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb
Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
111350
знаков
4
таблицы
0
изображений
3. The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
"I'm glad to have seen you," he said. (Dreiser)
«Я рад, что повидал вас», — сказал он.
An intimate friend is said to have dined with him that day. (Hardy)
Говорят, что в этот день у него обедал его близкий друг.
After such verbs as to mean, to expect, to intend, to hope used in the Past Indefinite, the Perfect Infinitive shows that the hope or intention was not carried out.
I meant to have gone there.
Я собирался пойти туда (но не пошел).
I meant to have given you five shillings this morning for a Christmas-box, Sam. I'll give it you this afternoon, Sam. (Dickens)
Я хотел подарить вам пять шиллингов на рождество, Сэм; я подарю их вам сегодня, Сэм.
The same meaning can be conveyed by the Past Perfect of the finite verb followed by the Indefinite Infinitive.
I had meant to go there.
He had meant to marry me. (Eliot)
Он имел намерение жениться на мне.
Some English grammarians prefer the latter construction.
Note. — The idea, however, is often expressed in the following way: I meant to go there, but never did.
4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted a certain time before the action of the finite verb. It is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form.
For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam. (Jerome)
Дней десять мы, казалось, питались только холодным мясом, печеньем и хлебом с вареньем.
The voice distinctions of the infinitive.
The infinitive of transitive verbs has special forms for the Active and the Passive Voice:
It is so glorious to love and to be loved... (Stone)
Так прекрасно любить и быть любимым.
In sentences with the construction there is the infinitive of some verbs can be active or passive without any change in the meaning:
There's no time to lose. (Dreiser)
There is no time to be lost. (Eliot)
There is nothing to fear (to be feared).
The use of the infinitive without the particle to (the bare infinitive).
In Modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle to[9]. In Old English to was a preposition used with the infinitive in the dative case to indicate purpose (to writenne meant 'in order to write'). Later on to was re-interpreted as the formal sign of the infinitive and came to be used not only to denote purpose but in other cases as well. Still there are cases when the so-called bare infinitive (the infinitive without the particle to) is used.[10] They are as follows:
1. After auxiliary verbs.
I don't understand the meaning of this passage.
We shall go there at once.
2. After modal verbs except the verb ought.
If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has (Wilson)
3. After verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to feel etc.
In a few minutes they heard him ascend the ladder to his own room. (Hardy)
Через несколько минут они услышали, что он поднимается но лестнице в свою комнату.
I never saw, you look so before. (Hardy)
Я никогда не видел, чтобы вы так хорошо выглядели.
I felt my heart jump. (Heym)
Я почувствовал, что у меня ёкнуло сердце.
The verb to be after the verb to feel is used with the particle to: I felt this to be very true.
(Dickens) Я чувствовал, что это совершенно верно.
4. After the verb to let.
Let us be the best friends in the world! (Dickens)
5. After the verb “to make” in the meaning of 'заставлять' and the verb “to have” in the meaning of 'заставлять, допускать, велеть'.
What makes you think so? (Carter)
Что заставляет вас так думать?
I... had them take my baggage. (Hemingway)
Я... велел им взять мой багаж.
The verb to have in the meaning of 'допускать' is chiefly used after the modal verbs will and would in negative sentences.
I will not have you call him Daniel any more. (Trollope)
Я не допущу, чтобы вы продолжали называть его Даниэлем.
1 would not have you think that I am selfish. (Trollope)
Я не допущу, чтобы вы считали меня эгоистом.
6. After the verb to know when its meaning approaches that of to see, to observe (the verb to know never has this meaning in the Present Indefinite).
I have so often known a change of medicine work wonders. (Shaw)
Я так часто замечала, что перемена лекарства творит чудеса.
In this case, however, the particle to is sometimes used:
I have never known her to weep before. (Cronin)
Я никогда, раньше не видел, чтобы она плакала.
After the verbs ‘to hear’, ‘to see’, ‘to make’ and ‘to know’ in the Passive Voice the to-Infinitive is used.
He was heard to mention your name several times.
Слышали, как он несколько раз упомянул ваше имя.
They were seen to leave the house early in the morning.
Видели, что они рано утром вышли из дома.
The child was made to obey.
Ребенка заставили слушаться.
Sir Pitt Crawley was never known to give away a shilling or to do a good action.
Никто никогда не видел, чтобы сэр Питт Кроули дал кому-нибудь шиллинг или сделал доброе дело.
7. After the verb to bid.
I bowed and waited, thinking she would bid me take a seat. (E. Bronte)
Я поклонился и подождал, думая, что она предложит мне сесть.
The verb to bid is obsolete and is not used in colloquial speech.
Похожие работы
... a three dimensional graphic representation of verbal elements that can occur in a verb phrase and the order in which they occur. This model was introduced in An Empirical Grammar of the English Verb: Modal Verbs (Mindt 1995). The model enables Mindt to account for a great variety of verb phrase patterns, in which all kinds of combinations of modals, auxiliaries, so-called catenative verbs, and ...
... . 6. The Scandinavian element in the English vocabulary. 7. The Norman-French element in the English vocabulary. 8. Various other elements in the vocabulary of the English and Ukrainian languages. 9. False etymology. 10.Types of borrowings. 1. The Native Element and Borrowed Words The most characteristic feature of English is usually said to be its mixed character. Many linguists ...
... -stem: blackbird, bluebell; (c) verb-stem+noun-stem: pickpocket; the stem of a gerund or of a participle may be the first component of a compound noun: dining-room, reading-hall, dancing-girl. 2.2.4 Semantical Characteristics of Nouns Nouns fall under two classes: (A) proper nouns; (B) common nouns[27]. a) Proper nouns are individual, names given to separate persons or things. As regards ...
... is not quite true for English. As for the affix morpheme, it may include either a prefix or a suffix, or both. Since prefixes and many suffixes in English are used for word-building, they are not considered in theoretical grammar. It deals only with word-changing morphemes, sometimes called auxiliary or functional morphemes. (c) An allomorph is a variant of a morpheme which occurs in certain ...
0 комментариев